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Tutkielman aiheena on taidekauppias Ivar Hörhammerin toiminta suomalaisessa taide-elämässä vuosina 1918–1930. Tutkielman tavoitteena on käsityksen saaminen Galerie Hörhammerin taidekauppatoiminnasta tutkimusajankohtana ja erityisesti Ivar Hörhammerin yhteistyöstä suomalaistaiteilijoiden kanssa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tutkia sitä millainen toimija taidekauppias on taiteen kentällä. Tutkimusta ohjaavat seuraavat kysymykset: millaista Ivar Hörhammerin ja taiteilijoiden välinen viestintä oli ja miten Ivar Hörhammer vaikutti taiteilijoiden uraan. Lisäksi kysyn muuttiko Hörhammer taiteen kentän sääntöjä toimiessaan sillä ja millaista taiteellista pääomaa hänellä oli. Ajanjaksoksi on rajattu 1918–1930, koska tuona aikana Hörhammerilla oli kirjeenvaihtoa useampien taiteilijoiden kanssa. Tutkimuksen teoriana on Pierre Bourdieun sosiologinen teoria kulttuurisesta pääomasta ja sosiaalisista kentistä ja metodina kriittinen kontekstualisointi. Tutkielman aineistona on Galerie Hörhammerin arkiston (1912–1959) taiteilijakirjeenvaihto vuosina 1918–1930, jolloin taidekauppias oli kirjeenvaihdossa useiden suomalaistaiteilijoiden kuten Uuno Alangon, Marcus Collinin, Magnus Enckellin, Akseli Gallen-Kallelan, Pekka Halosen, Eero Järnefeltin, Mikko Oinosen, Juho Rissasen, Helene Schjerfbeckin, Ellen Thesleffin ja Maria Wiikin kanssa. Lähdeaineistona on lisäksi gallerian vuosina 1918–1930 järjestämistä näyttelyistä esimerkeiksi poimitut Eero Järnefeltin yksityisnäyttelyt vuosina 1918, 1920, 1926 ja 1927, syysnäyttelyt vuosina 1919 ja 1920, Magnus Enckellin yksityisnäyttely vuonna 1918 ja Pekka Halosen yksityisnäyttely vuonna 1927. Mukana on myös Septem-ryhmän yhteisnäyttely vuodelta 1919. Näyttelypoimintani perustana oli Kansallisgallerian kokoelmanhallintaosaston arkiston lehtileikkeiden ja kirjaston näyttelyluetteloiden kokoelma. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on, että Ivar Hörhammer vaikutti taiteilijoiden uraan monin eri tavoin. Hörhammer avusti taiteilijoita rahallisesti, järjesti näyttelyitä, tarjosi asiantuntija-apuna liiketaloudellista osaamista, taideteosten ripustus- ja kehystysapua ja hoiti lehdistö- ym. suhteita. Syysnäyttelyt olivat Hörhammerille tärkeä vuotuinen tapahtuma kun taiteilijat taas arvostivat enemmän yksityisnäyttelyitä. Kirjeenvaihto toimi myös tiedonvälittäjänä, jossa Hörhammer kertoi taiteilijoita näyttelyistä ja taidemarkkinoista ja taiteilijat taas Hörhammeria esimerkiksi työtilanteestaan. Hörhammerin ja taiteilijoiden välinen kirjeenvaihto oli monipuolista ja ystävällistä, ja Hörhammer ystävystyi joidenkin taiteilijoiden kanssa. Hörhammerin järjestämät yksityis- ja yhteisnäyttelyt saivat huomiota lehdissä, kuten Iltalehdessä, Helsingin Sanomissa, Uudessa Päivässä ja Uudessa Suomessa. Ivar Hörhammer uudisti taiteen kenttää panostamalla toiminnassaan kotimaisen taidekokoelman keräämiseen ja keskittymällä vuorovaikutukseen taiteilijoiden kanssa. Hänellä oli taiteellista pääomaa, kuten asema, jossa hän pystyi määrittämään sitä mikä on ”hyvää” taidetta asettamalla tiettyjen taiteilijoiden tiettyjä teoksia esille ja myyntiin. Ivar Hörhammerilla oli taideteosten historian tuntemusta, koska hän oli vuorovaikutuksessa taiteilijoiden kanssa. Hän pystyi näin osallistumaan taideteosten arvottamiseen ja selittämiseen. Galerie Hörhammerin toiminta osoitti omalta osaltaan, että taidekaupalla, erityisesti sen järjestämillä myyntinäyttelyillä, on paikkansa taiteen tunnettuuden ja merkityksen välittämisessä suurelle yleisölle.

As the quantity of material available on the Internet grows, problems finding the right information at the right time may follow. Recommender systems have been created to tackle this problem. This study is centered on a collaborative filtering system for news and magazine articles called Scoopinion. Scoopinion collects behavioral information about the reading habits of the users with a browser plug-in. Collaborative filtering can also be called social filtering. Reasons for the use of online social filtering of news and magazine articles and the perceptions about the process of online social filtering are investigated. Analysis was conducted using grounded theory. Research material was interviews that were conducted to ten Scoopinion-users. Interviews were semi-structured. Interviewees were all native Finns. Their ages ranged from 25 to 34. The results of the data-driven analysis were linked to the prior literature on social influence and social comparison. Findings show that online social filtering of news and magazine articles is used to gain access to material that is somehow outside individual’s normal routines of news browsing, to avert possible information overload and for entertainment in situations, where one has nothing else to do. Individuals interact with the recommendation algorithm of the Scoopinion by suggesting magazines as possible sources of recommendations or simply by reading. The reading time that the service tracks was interpreted as showing interest, but it was stated that the algorithm cannot understand whether something is evaluated as important. When a recommendation can be tied to certain individual, the perceived expertise of the recommender on the topic of the recommended article handles affects how the receiver evaluates the recommendation. Lack of clear information about the way the Scoopinion’s algorithm works led to some misunderstandings. The recommendations the service offered were in some cases falsely thought to originate partly from the reading behavior of the user’s personal social network. The most central references: On recommender systems: Schafer, J. B., Frankowski, D., Herlocker, J., & Sen, S. Collaborative filtering recommender systems (2007). On social influence: Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment (1955); Mason, W. A., Conrey, F. R., & Smith, E. R. Situating social influence processes: Dynamic, multidirectional flows of influence within social networks (2007). On social comparison: Festinger, L. A theory of social comparison processes (1954); Suls, J., Martin, R., & Wheeler, L. Three kinds of opinion comparison: The triadic model (2000). On grounded theory: Glaser, B. Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis: Emergence vs. Forcing (1992); Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. Basics of qualitative research. Grounded theory procedures and techniques (1990).

This thesis joins the eternal process of reaching for the unreachable, mysterious space of non-existence. Instead of defining anything or offering any answers, it makes portraits of a particular phenomenon: the question of remembrance and death in a context of today. What kind of scenarios have been offered for our digital afterlife? How do we want to be remembered after death as our lives become more difficult to grasp physically? We will meet a man who travels around the world with an uncanny robot, and listen to an artist in the process of inventing an interactive form for expressing grief through metaphysical dialogue. We will explore ideas of an entrepreneur who offers you a chance to live (symbolically) forever as an avatar, and we will focus on a hybrid eternity project, transforming rituals of memorising into forms that may speak more accurately to the mortals of the digital world. We will imagine a never-ending conversation between two lovers. Behind this curiosity towards the immortal enigma, there lies a wider question of whether our ’less physical’ lives could make us re-imagine, and possibly even notice changes in our beliefs and thoughts about death and remembering. The methodology of this work trusts in the power of human conversation. Through semi-structured, qualitative interviews with a limited amount of people, the thesis searches for scenarios of alternative futures for the culturally shifting rites of passage. Inspired by narrative approach to research and life, stories are valued as ever-changing material through which we construct our realities – and ourselves. What kind of narratives do the present-day technologies encourage us to create? How might our increasingly digital lives be changing the way we memorise and mourn? This work offers a speculative theoretical meditation to a few alternative futures of remembering: apocalyptic self-narratives that make the border between fiction and fact seem obscure. 

Every four years, the U.S. presidential elections and the political campaigns are intensely followed by the media both nationally and globally. The primary elections precede the general election and are to determine who the presidential nominee of each party will be. To aid in the selection of the nominee, multiple debates are held for the candidates. This election cycle was perhaps a bit more intriguing than usual, as one of the Republican primary candidates came from outside established politics. This person was businessman Donald Trump, who challenged the political status quo with his often-provocative comments. It became evident that his unconventional style appealed to many: Trump seized the office in January of 2017. Many of the comments the Republican candidates made about immigration gained plenty of media attention. In this thesis, the focus is on the Republican candidates’ immigration-related rhetoric throughout the primary season. The goal to distinguish the discourses immigration is linked with in the debates and examine the rhetorical methods employed by the candidates as they attempt to convince and persuade their audiences on the topic of immigration. The data used in this thesis consists of twelve Republican debates arranged during the primary season. The rhetoric is examined through various rhetorical devices as well as Aristotle’s three modes of persuasion—ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos attempts to make the speaker appear trustworthy and respectable to the audience: pathos is used to appeal to the audiences’ emotions; and logos is used to appeal to the audience’s senses and intellect. The analysis method applied in this thesis is rhetorical discourse analysis. The immigration-based history of the United States, its social, racial, and ethnic composition as well as its ever-changing demographics lay a very interesting backdrop to the entire topic. The U.S. is a country built by immigrants, yet its relationship with immigration has always been difficult. Many newcomers have traditionally been disliked or even feared, be it because of their exotic appearance, their religion, or their unfamiliar language. American nativists have throughout history attempted to keep America white and Christian and rejected those who do not easily fall into these categories. Originally even Catholics were shunned. Whiteness and Christianity are two features that have long prevailed as the most depictive characteristics of the United States, even if the white population is on the decline and soon no racial group will alone form racial majority. The twelve primary debates are analyzed through rhetorical discourse analysis. The goal is to distinguish the central discourses and the rhetoric that the candidates apply when discussing immigration. A total of five discourses were discovered. These are named the problem discourse, the legality discourse, the security discourse, the economic discourse and Americanness as a discourse. The problem discourse as well as Americanness as a discourse can be found within all of the other discourses. Within the problem discourse, immigration is generally depicted as a problem; immigration is portrayed as an issue pertaining to law within the legality discourse: the security discourse is founded on the idea of immigration as a security matter; within the economic discourse, immigration appears an economic problem; and lastly, Americanness as a discourse builds around the age-old discussion on who is American. The economy discourse appears the most dominant, but the security discourse is found to be intensified by candidates Donald Trump and Ted Cruz. The candidates’ rhetoric most often aims to increase their popularity in the race and the audience’s support. This is understandable as the crux of a presidential primary is to select one candidate as the party nominee for the general election. As could be then expected, of Aristotle’s three modes of persuasion—ethos, pathos, and logos—ethos is most commonly used.

Physician-assisted dying in the United States, where a terminally ill person that fulfils certain criteria can be prescribed a substance to end their life, is legal in eight states as well as in Washington D.C. Advocacy organizations have played a central role in getting legislation passed. The state of Oregon, where the practice has been legal for over 20 years, serves as a model for legislation that is being proposed in other states. The advocacy organization Compassion & Choices, based in Portland, Oregon has been central in framing the issue of assisted dying in the United States. In 2014, Compassion & Choices released a video featuring the story of a young woman named Brittany Maynard who was dying of brain cancer. The video went viral and was viewed over 9 million times in the month after being released, making Maynard the face of assisted dying in the United States. In this thesis I examine her story through narrative analysis as it is told in the campaign video and in three other videos released after the first one. Two of the videos in the material were released after Maynard’s death and in them the story is told by Maynard’s husband Dan Diaz, who has actively continued campaigning for assisted dying. The aim of this thesis is to examine how advocacy organizations such as Compassion & Choices use personal stories to get attention for their cause and try to influence policy. The content of Maynard’s personal story, how it is told, and how the story is connected to arguments for assisted dying is analyzed through narrative methods. The results show that family values and an active lifestyle are emphasized in the narrative. The story alternates between statements presented as facts and personal experiences that are more emotional. The main arguments for legalization that are made in the videos are related to autonomy and personal choice and to avoiding unnecessary suffering. The personal experiences of Maynard are related to these arguments through how the story is told through speech, text and pictures. Strategies to frame the policy issue in a certain way and get the audience to identify with Maynard are also employed.

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Jaakobin kirjeen opetusta köyhistä ja rikkaista erityisesti perikoopissa 2:1–13. Tutkimuskysymyksenä on selvittää kirjoittajan opetuksen tarkoitusta, mihin kirjoittaja pyrkii tällä opetuksella ja mikä on sen kohderyhmä, rikkaat, köyhät vai kaikki yhteisön jäsenet. Eräänlaisiksi vaihtoehdoiksi selvitystyössä muotoutuu ajatus kirjeen kirjoittajan yleisemmästä pyrkimyksestä vastaanottajien käytöksen muuttamiseen tai sen ohella tai sijasta myös konkreettisemmasta pyrkimyksestä, jollaiseksi työn edetessä yhä selvemmin vahvistuu ajatus patronaatista varoittamisesta. Lähtökohtana tutkimustehtävän lähestymisessä on teksti ja sen analysoiminen. Teksti ei ole kuitenkaan irrallinen, vaan se on yhteydessä myös niihin sosiaalisiin ja kulttuurisiin konteksteihin, joissa se on syntynyt. Tutkimustehtävän lähestymisessä sekä eksegeettinen analyysi että lähinnä sosioretorisesta lähestymistavasta ilmenevien tutkimusmallien käyttäminen osoittautuvat hyödyllisiksi. Tutkielmassa päädytään siihen, että kirjeen kirjoittajalla on paitsi yleisempi pyrkimys kirjeen vastaanottajien käyttäytymisen muuttamiseen vastaamaan yhteisössä noudatettavia arvoja, sen ohella myös konkreettisempi pyrkimys, varoittaa vastaanottajia osallistumasta patronus-klientti -suhteeseen ja turvautumasta ulkopuolisen rikkaan patronuksen apuun. Tutkielmassa katsotaan, että sekä kirjoittajan yleisemmässä pyrkimyksessä että konkreettisemmassa pyrkimyksessä lähtökohtana on Jeesuksen Kristuksen usko ja toimiminen sen mukaisella tavalla. Se ilmenee myös luottamuksena ja turvautumisena Jumalaan, ei maalliseen patronukseen. Yhteisön tulee olla kuuliainen sen omille arvoille ja omalle opetukselle ja menetellä niiden mukaisella tavalla. Opetuksen kohderyhmänä on kaikki yhteisön jäsenet.

Tutkielma käsittelee oikeudenmukaisuuden toteutumista lesken osalta jäämistöosituksen sovittelussa. Työn tarkoituksena on selvittää millaisia erityispiirteitä ja ongelmakohtia jäämistöosituksen sovitteluun liittyy lesken näkökulmasta. Tutkielmassa pyritään myös selvittämään, toteutuuko oikeudenmukaisuus jäämistöosituksen sovittelussa lesken osalta. Lisäksi pohditaan, millainen olisi jäämistöosituksen sovittelun oikeudenmukainen lopputulos lesken näkökulmasta ja kuinka siihen voidaan päästä. Tutkielmassa on käytetty lainopin metodia. Lähteinä on käytetty lainsäädännön ja oikeuskäytännön lisäksi lainvalmistelumateriaalia, oikeuskirjallisuutta sekä oikeustapauskommentteja. Tutkimuksen voidaan katsoa osoittavan, että vaikka AL 103b §:n sovittelusäännöksen tarkoituksena on kohtuullistaa sellaisia osituksen lopputuloksia, joissa toinen puoliso joutuisi kohtuuttomaan taloudelliseen asemaan tai saisi osakseen perusteetonta taloudellista etua, ei kohtuulliseen lopputulokseen jäämistöosituksen sovittelussa lesken osalta kuitenkaan aina päästä. Tämän voidaan katsoa johtuvan siitä, että jäämistöosituksen sovitteluun kuuluu tiettyjä lesken asemaan liittyviä erityispiirteitä, joita sovittelussa ei aina pystytä ottamaan riittävästi huomioon. Tämä johtuu erityisesti sitä, että tilanteet, joissa sovittelua käytetään, ovat usein hyvin erilaisia. Jäämistöosituksen sovittelussa huomiota tulisi kiinnittää avioliittolaissa ja perintökaaressa lesken suojaksi laadittujen säännösten vaikutukseen sekä siihen, millaiseen taloudelliseen asemaan leski jää kuolleen puolisonsa jälkeen. Vaikka joissakin tapauksissa leskeä suojaavat säännökset saattavat parantaa lesken jäämistöoikeudellista asemaa, aina näin ei kuitenkaan käy ja lesken asema saattaa muodostua leskensuojasäännösten huomioimisen myötä jopa tavallista huonommaksi. Myöskään lesken taloudelliseen asemaan ei välttämättä kiinnitetä riittävästi huomiota, ja leski saattaa siten jäädä kokonaan vaille toimeentuloturvaa, mikä on tullut ilmi erityisesti korkeimman oikeuden ratkaisukäytännössä. Johtopäätöksenä on todettu, että lesken taloudellista asemaa tulisi sovitteluharkinnassa tarkastella kokonaisuutena, ottaen huomioon kaikki siihen vaikuttavat seikat. Näin pystytään arvioimaan, onko osituksen sovittelu tarpeen. Osituksen sovittelun voisi katsoa olevan tarpeen silloin, kun lesken toimeentulo muuten jäisi turvaamatta. Tutkielmassa on pohdittu myös leskelle ensiksi kuolleen puolison jäämistöstä maksettavan korvauksen mahdollisuutta Ruotsin mallin mukaan.

Gulf of Bothnia was simulated with NEMO sea model and LIM3 sea ice model. The results were used to count ice area, ice thickness, ice season length and the dates for freezing ang thawing. Results contained years from 1975 to 2059 but only years from 2006 were mostly used. Before 2006 the model was forced with a statistical history run. It was compared to thickness observations and the ice model was considered reliable enough. Atmospheric forcings became from three earth system models and two emission scenarios. With smaller emissions results about ice conditions and its trends vary between model runs with different focings a lot more than with higher emissions. In many case a propability distribution was used on results unlike on earlier similar researches which have mostly used only medians of ice parameters. Propability distribution for ice area was made using cumulative Gumbel probability distribution which enabled counting time periods longer than the time series. It also increased the reliability of extreme results. According to the results the northen part of the Bay of Bothnia freezes in every winter at 2050s. Ice thickness is 80cm at the most and median is 50cm. In almost every result southern part of the Bothnian Sea has over 50% chance for ice to occur and the median of thickness is more than 10cm. Length of the ice season close to 2050s can exeed 150 days often at the northen Bay of Bothnia but elsewhere it is closer to 100 days and varies a lot. The counted propability distributions for ice area let us suspect that a part of the Bay of Bothnia would remain unfreezed at least once every 30 years or more propably every 20 years in years from 2006 to 2059. In contradiction, not much can be said about large areas, because results vary a lot about wheter the whole Gulf of Bothnia can be expected to freeze close to 2050s.

Due to savings the traditional services provided by the welfare state have been weakened. These savings have adversely affected particularly the disadvantaged people, and part of the risk of social exclusion has increased. The third sector or non-governmental organisations, in this study Icehearts, will work to prevent exclusion starting from the pre-school stage. The theoretical background in this study is constructed from the concepts of change in welfare state, non governmental organisations, inter professional collaboration and identity. Organisation's educator-coaches coach teams, with the principle that everybody can play. Educators work as part of the inter professional collaboration, which is in boys and their families' life. Educators work at boys' school; organise afternoon activities, exercises in chosen sport, they are part of the multi-professional network in formal discussions and meetings including social, psychiatric, outpatient clinic and student welfare. Educators' work-identity or inter professional collaboration has not been studied before, similar studies has been done among social- and care work professionals. This thesis has studied the work of educators and identity as part of a multi-professional network. How educator-coaches' work-identity is constructed in their talk. How the interprofessional collaboration is described in their talk. Educators work mainly in the school district, both physically and mentally. Interesting is how this context was brought up in educators' speech. The study material was collected by theme interviews in November 2014 by interviewing six Iceheart's educator-trainer. They had worked 4-14 years in the organisation. The data was analysed with qualitative content-analysis. Experiences of working as a member of the interprofessional group differed depending from the context. Typical for educators seemed to be their tendency to adapt and use the language other professionals use. The underlying factors behind professional identity were the personal characteristics, Icehearts as organisation and other educators' support, personal values and the desire to help. Agency as part of the professional identity emerged as an opportunity to work with their own personality and their own way. There are no detailed instructions or only one right way to work as an educator and this was seen as an opportunity. It would be interesting and meaningful to study the effect of the organisation and educators from state point of view, what is the organisation's role in preventing exclusion. The multi professional co-operation could be studied with a change laboratory method in order to improve collaboration to benefit boys and families in large.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the structure of ice cream, especially the effects of temperature, sugar composition and stabilizer-emulsifier concentration on the melt down, hardness and moulding properties of ice cream. The aim was to produce a soft and easily mouldable ice cream that suits the intended purpose. A sensory evaluation was conducted to the ice creams with desired structural properties. The literature review deals with ice cream ingredients, manufacturing process and factors affecting ice cream structure. For the experimental study, 16 ice creams with different compositions were made. The ice creams contained 12 or 6 % fat, different types of sugar compositions (A, B, C, D, E, F) and different concentrations of two types of stabilizer and emulsifier blends (A, B). Ice creams were stored at different temperatures. The hardness of ice cream was measured with a Texture Analyser, the melting rate was determined and the moulding properties were analysed with a moulding test. The two ice creams with desired structure were compared to a commercial ice cream in a sensory evaluation. The results of the hardness measurements revealed, that temperature and sugar composition affected hardness the most. Stabilizer and emulsifier concentration and type did not have an effect. The softest ice creams were those stored at higher temperatures and those made with sugar composition C, D, E and F. The slowest melting ice creams were the ones containing greater amounts of stabilizers and emulsifiers. The ice cream made with sugar composition D melted the fastest. For the moulding test, the softer ice creams were the easiest to mould. The ice cream made with sugar composition D was found to be too soft, almost runny, and the ones made with sugar composition A and B were found to be too hard. The ice creams made with sugar composition C, E and F were found pleasing. The batches containing a greater amount of stabilizer and emulsifier were found to be a bit gummy. In the sensory evaluation there were only one difference in sweetness found between the study ice creams and the commercial one. There were no differences found in creaminess and over all liking. From this can be concluded that the study ice creams are accepted by the consumers as well.