Browsing by Author "Brummer, Alli"

The purpose of this thesis was to study about the interpretation of the Parable of the Wicked Tenants according to the Gospel of Mark (St. Mark 12:1-12/St. Matthew 21:33-46/St. Luke 20:9-19/Gos. Thom. 65, 66). My aim was to find out which details of the Gospel are the most important for the scientific research. Starting from Adolf Jülicher’s Die Gleichnisse Jesu I and II (1899) I continued to examine Joachim Jeremias’ The Parables of Jesus (3. rev. ed. 1975). Both scientists are of the same mind that the Parable is allegorical and originate from the Primitive Church, but behind the present text there is an original saying of Jesus in some form. Unfortunatelythe original text is not possible to be traced anymore because of the only remaining source of the Gospel of Mark. The opinion of C. H. Dodd (The Parables of the Kingdom, 1946) is different. He specifies the Parable being a natural and realistic narrative. The scholars are of the same mind that Mark has been written about 70 CE, Matthew and Luke follow it and the last Gospel is John (about 120 CE). Many scientists say that the Parable is the most difficult to understand and interpret among the Parables of Jesus. The main characters are the landowner (= God), the vineyard (= Israel), the servants (= the prophets of God), the tenants (= the leading figures of Israel at the Temple of Jerusalem) and the son (= Jesus). Or is it so? A bigger problem are the “new” tenants. Some say that they are the members of the Primitive Church (David Flusser, Jesus, 1998; Craig L. Blomberg, Interpreting the Parables, 1990), or the 12 Apostles, or even the Kingdom of God (Kelly R.Iverson, Jews, Gentiles, and the Kingdom of God, 2012). During the occupation of the Roman Empire in Palestine the taxation was high among small farmers and day labourers. The rich Elite could get tax reductions or even collect taxes with a certain provision. Jerusalem in the times of Jesus, a title of Joachim Jeremias, explains accurately the economic situation especially in rural areas of Palestine, the Galilean heights. We must remember that the people of Israel have a special bondage to the Land of Israel. They say that ultimately the Land belongs to God, who promised it to Abraham, and later to Moses and Joshua after the slavery in Egypt. My thesis is explaining what kind of a free atmosphere of the Enlightenment was dominant at the beginning of the Twentieth Century among the European universities. The faculties of Theology did not differ. In USA the situation was somewhat different. Being a young nation the main purpose of Universities in USA was to educate new theologians for the use of the Church. Usually young scholars from USA stayed one to two years in Germany studying Hebrew/Aramic and Greek among Scientific Research. Gradually the multiple Scholarship gained more and more intelligent young people from all over the world. Germany lost it’s favour as the leading Country of Science of Theology and the English language gained the first position. The historic-critical method (Adolf Jülicher, C. H. Dodd, Joachim Jeremias) was widely used among the Scholars of Theology at the beginning of the Twentieth Century. Later the use of hermeneutic criticism (J. D. Crossan, In Parables. The Challenge of the historical Jesus, 1973; D. O. Via, The Parables: Their Literary andExistential Dimension, 1967; E. Fuchs), literary criticism, structuralism and deconstructionism became more common. James D. Hester (Socio-Rhetorical Criticismand the Parable of the Tenants, 1992) uses socio-rhetoric criticism and the interpretation of the Parable depends on historical, sociological and literary critical factors. Martin Hengel (Das Gleichnis von den Weingärtnern Mc 12:1-12, 1968); William R. Herzog II (Jesus, Justice and the Reign of God, 2000); Craig A. Evans (Word Biblical Commentary, 2001) and John S. Kloppenborg (The Tenants in the Vineyard, 2010) are some of the most distinguished scholars during the Twentieth Century. New Archeological excavations have shed new light on the Scientific Research of Theology. My aim was to find out how much the most important discoveries have beennoticed among the Scholars. The Zeno Papyri (Craig L. Blomberg; Martin Hengel ) gives important information about the economic and legal situation of Palestine during the third century BCE. They have had an affect on the Research of the Parable, too. Nag Hammad and the Gospel of Thomas is important especially in the research of the original wording of the Parable. Many scholars have noticed the finding. The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Qumran Caves in the Judaean Desert are importantevidence concerning the Essene sect. The radical Zealots were active especially in the Galilean area. The books of Flavius Josephus are giving us important information about their activities and the history of the Jewish people. This Parable is an excellent example of the vivid, unexpected and poetic spoken Aramaic of Jesus. Although we can read it only in Greek it can show us something of the hard peasant life in Galilee during Jesus’ time and about the hope of the Messiah. The challenge for us is reading the Parable through the lens of local peasants, the first audience – and with open ears.