Browsing by Author "Lehtonen, Pyry"
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Lehtonen, Pyry (2021)Geographical accessibility to sports facilities plays an important role when choosing a sports facility. The aim of my thesis is to examine geographical accessibility for sports facilities in Helsinki and Jyväskylä. The data of my study consists of the facilities of three different types of sports in Helsinki, Jyväskylä. The chosen types of facilities are ball parks, disc golf courses and fitness centers. I also use demographic data that cover the age groups of 7-12, 20-24 and 60-64. Mapple Analytics Ltd has produced geographical accessibility data covering whole of Finland which I also use as my data. In my thesis I analyzed geographical accessibility of sports facilities and compare the results to demographic data. Both the geographical accessibility data and demographic data is in 250 x 250 m grid level. the methods I used were Local Moran’s I and Bivariate Local Moran’s I. I applied the methods so that I combined the travel-time data and demographic data. The travel-times are from Mapple Insights API. The travel modes I have used are cycling and driving because people travel to sports facilities mostly by driving or by active methods, especially cycling. The travel-times to ball parks and fitness centers are overall good in both study regions. The good geographical accessibility is caused by that the service pattern is so dense for ball parks and fitness centers. The service pattern covers almost all of the inhabited area in both study regions. However, for some postal areas seem to have not so good geographical accessibility to ball parks. In some areas in Helsinki the geographical accessibility to disc golf course can be considered to be somewhat bad. For the chosen age groups only 20-24-year-olds have unsatisfactory travel-times to disc golf course either by cycling or driving. Other age groups do not show a similar pattern because of the different service pattern of ball parks and fitness centers. Demographic variables do not explain the travel times in this context. It is important to see which postal areas have good or bad geographical accessibility to sports facilities. This helps the future planning of sports facilities. In the future it is also possible to apply non spatial methods to the data I have collected or a similar dataset. It would also be possible to which demographic variable best explains travel-times. Because of Mapple Insighs API data is in 250 x 250 m grid level many applications can be developed using the data.
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The Relationship between Exogenous Oil Supply Shocks and Inflation : Evidence from the United States Lehtonen, Pyry (2017)The aim of this thesis is to study how the exogenous oil supply shocks generate the U.S. inflation. Exogenous oil supply shocks are determined to be political and military crises that are non-market based and affect the level of the oil supply. According to the economic theory, crises in the oil production regions cause a shortfall in the oil supply. The declined supply will raise the price of oil and therefore boost the inflation. The analyses are based on the time period of 1973 – 2016. This thesis measures the magnitude of the exogenous oil supply shocks by two methods. The first method creates a counterfactual oil production path that estimates the production that would have occurred in the absence of the shock. Comparing the actual and counterfactual production path gives an estimate for the magnitude of the shock. The second method uses the structural vector autoregression model to estimate the magnitude of the shocks. The relationship between the exogenous oil supply shocks and inflation is studied by two different methods. The autoregressive distributed lag model is constructed to see how the inflation is affected by the lags of the oil supply shocks time series and inflation. The second model is based on the structural vector autoregression model where the oil supply shocks are conducted. The impulse responses are estimated by a regression model to understand how exogenous oil supply shocks generate inflation. Both models allow the construction of the structural brake analysis. The aim of the structural brake analysis is to understand how the relationship between inflation and oil supply shocks has evolved over time. The structural brake analysis implies that the models in general give misleading results. The time period must be separated to four different subperiods in order to get adequate models. The results imply that the relationship between the oil supply shocks and inflation has changed over time. In the first period from early 1970’s to early 1980’s, the exogenous oil supply shocks had statistically significant effect on inflation. In the second and third periods from 1980’s to 2000’s, models do not find significant effect. The models give contradictory results for the fourth period in the 2010’s. The autoregressive distributed lag model does not find statistically significant effect from the exogenous oil supply shocks at inflation where impulse response analysis does. The main contributions of this thesis to the preceding literature can be divided into two sections. Firstly, the structural brake analysis has not been constructed in this field. The results give a useful insight how the relationship has evaluated over time and helps to understand the intertemporal variation of the effects. Secondly, this thesis extends the analysis to the end of 2016.
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