Browsing by Author "Poutanen, Pyry"

The Arctic is warming faster than any other region on Earth due to climate change. The characteristics of the air masses overlying the Arctic play a key role when assessing the magnitude and implications of global warming in the region, but comprehensive studies of Arctic air mass properties covering long time series of measurements are scarce. The aim of this study is to use such a data set to quantify the key characteristics of Arctic air masses prior to transport to the human-habited Eurasian continent, and the typical conditions leading to Arctic events in Värriö. HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model was employed to calculate backward atmospheric trajectories arriving at SMEAR I (Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations) in Värriö for every hour in 1998-2017. An air mass was classified as Arctic if the backward trajectory arriving at Värriö was located north of 78 °N 72 hours before the arrival time. Data from SMEAR I, including meteorological variables and trace gas and aerosol concentrations, were then gathered in order to compare Arctic and non-Arctic air masses. Of all the hours that were analysed, 15.0 % were classified as associated with an Arctic air mass. The typically cyclonic curvature of the trajectories and the median duration of 10 hours per individual Arctic event were hypothesised to be due to Arctic air mass events being linked to passing low pressure systems. Arctic air masses were found to be colder and have lower moisture content in summer, when the difference at surface level was 5.6 °C and 1.7 g m-3 respectively, compared to non-Arctic air masses. In other seasons the differences were less pronounced, but average particle and trace gas concentrations were found to be notably lower for Arctic air masses than for non-Arctic air masses. An exception to this was ozone, which had 24.6 % higher average concentration in Arctic air masses in months between November and February, compared to non-Arctic air masses. The annual median aerosol particle concentration in Arctic air masses was found to be 308 cm-3 and only 129 cm-3 between November and March, on average. During a median year, the value of condensation sink (CS) was on average 65 % smaller in Arctic air masses than in the non-Arctic. The Kola Peninsula industry was observed to increase concentrations of SO2 and aerosol particles, particularly Aitken mode (25-90 nm) particles, of affected air masses. Overall, Arctic air masses were found to have several unique characteristics compared to other air masses arriving at SMEAR I, Värriö. As expected, Arctic air masses are colder and drier than non-Arctic air masses, but the difference is pronounced only in summer months. Other air mass characteristics, especially aerosol particle and trace gas concentration were generally found to be lower, unless the air mass was influenced by the industrial sites in the Kola Peninsula.