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Browsing by Author "Saarinen, Sanni"

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  • Long-term and intergenerational health consequences of the Finnish Civil War 1918 among the Red prisoners of war and their offspring 
    Saarinen, Sanni (2022)
    Finnish Civil War was fought in 1918 between conservative Whites and socialist Reds ending in the defeat of Reds. Around 80 000 Reds were placed to overcrowded prison camps to await prosecution, where approximately 13 400 POWs (prisoner of war) died due to diseases and malnutrition. While negative health effects of war and war imprisonment are widely demonstrated, evidence on long-term health outcomes among POWs and their descendants is limited. In 1973, POWs were entitled to apply pension for the imprisonment. By using a unique longitudinal data, I aim to investigate how the POW’s exposure in Finnish Civil War 1918 was associated with longevity in two generations. I used data for 7502 POWs derived from the pension applications together with 2246 identified offspring, and link it to the acts of State Criminal Court and to the register data of Statistics Finland. I used sentence length and prison camp duration as measures for the war exposure intensity in Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate war exposure intensity’s impact to later life death risk among POWs and their offspring. For sentence length, adjusted for various political and sociodemographic characteristics, POWs with 1-3 years (hazard ratio [HR] 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.22) and 4+ years sentences (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01-1.24) compared to those not sentenced had an increased death risk in 1973-2009. Adjustment for post-war educational attainment did not change the association. Results were in line when using prison camp duration quartiles as the measure. Among the offspring, POW parent’s war exposure intensity was not associated with an increased death risk with either of the measures. POW’s exposure in the Finnish Civil War 1918 was associated with increased death risk over 55 years after the end of the war. I found no evidence of intergenerational transmission of negative health consequences, which may relate to mortality selection. The findings contribute to the knowledge of the long-term effects of war on the individual across two generations, and highlight the importance of life-long support for the former POWs.
  • Painoindeksin suhteesta itsetuntoon ja kehonkuvaan sekä nuorten käsityksiä kehopositiivisuudesta 
    Saarinen, Sanni (2019)
    The aim of this study is to examine relations between body mass index, self-esteem, body image and adolescents thoughts about body positivity. Earlier study has showed relation among increasing body mass index, body dissatisfaction and lower self-esteem. Body positivity has its roots in the fat acceptance movement in the late 1960s. Goal of the body positivity movement is to address unrealistic ideals about beauty, promote self-acceptance, and build self-esteem and learning to love oneself to the fullest. Body positivity is popular on social media and in Finland discourses about it are controversial. Some think it is a good for health and self-esteem, others think it glamorizes overweight. Finnish adolescents thoughts about body positivity has not been explored before this study. This statistical study was made in Spring 2019. The research subjects were finnish adolescents aged 13-18. The data was obtained from the adolescents by an electronic enquiry. The sample consisted of N=109 adolescents, n 89 women, n 19 men and n 1 transgender. The data was analyzed by using SPSS Statistics 25 program and frequencies, cross-tabulations, Pearson`s correlations, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA tests. In this study self-esteem or body image were not varied by age. Body image was varied by gender so that girls had lower body image than boys. Body mass index were not significant for self esteem or body image and disagreed with earlier study. Physical activity behind many of the adolescents has been noticed while reporting results. Term body positivity was familiar for 72,4 % of participants, specially from social media. Girls knew it more often than boys and estimated its effects for better self-love stronger than boys. Majority of adolescents thought that body positivity tries to increase self-love among every size and age. Only few thought that body positivity glamorize overweight and obesity. This research reveals that there is a need for wider study around relations between body mass index, self-esteem, body image and body positivity among adolescents. This study offers a base for extensive study in the future.

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