Browsing by Author "Sydänmaanlakka, Linda"

Significant tax challenges are claimed to arise from the digitalisation of the economy. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has been working towards an international consensus-based solution for these tax challenges that predominantly relate to the international tax rules on permanent establishments (nexus) and profit allocation. Under heated political discussion, many are questioning the fairness of the century old compromise on the allocation of taxing rights between source and residence countries, arguing that digitalisation renders the rules outdated that were designed in the era of ‘brick and mortar’ businesses with limited global dimension. Driven by this policy issue, the OECD has released Blueprint reports for Pillar One and Two Proposals for public consultation on 12 October 2020, which seek to reform fundamental elements of the international tax system, and to introduce a global minimum taxation for multinational enterprises. The Blueprint on Pillar One Proposal is analysed in this thesis, albeit the core focus will be i.) on the scope of the proposal, which seeks to amend the profit allocation rules of businesses that engage with activities that fall under the definitions of Automated Digital Services or Consumer Facing Business; and ii.) on the profit allocation rules, which seek to introduce a formula-based approach for the allocation of a limited portion of the global residual profits arising from the provision of automated digital services or consumer facing businesses. The research question of this thesis is whether the conveyed profit allocation formula, as compared to the arm’s length principle, is better suited to allocate the residual profits of companies engaging in the provision of automated digital services and consumer facing businesses, and whether it does so in such a manner that justifies the partial dismissal of the long-standing rules of international tax law and the ensuing fragmentation of this legal framework. International tax law principles, namely fairness, neutrality and efficiency, underpinned by the requirement of coherence of law, provide for a qualitative measure against which both these approaches to profit allocation are evaluated. The discussion of this thesis concludes that, in the light of the international tax principles, there is no justification to enact a fragmented rule framework for profit allocation, by introducing a profit allocation formula to reallocate a limited portion of the residual profits of businesses engaging in the provision of automated digital services or consumer facing business. A hybrid system in profit allocation would increase complexity and welfare losses, that arise from distortions in economic behaviour, as well as decrease the overall efficiency and certainty of the international tax system. Ultimately, the more preferable solution to the modern issues of taxing business profit (digital or not) is to build a coherent rule framework under tax theory, which draws from a unified set of principles on fairness, redistribution, socially sustainable tax incentives and efficiency. This theory may well stem from the familiar concepts of arm’s length principle or formulary apportionment, or it might introduce a completely novel approach to the global allocation of taxing rights and MNE profits. But it must be agreeable for sufficiently many jurisdictions, so as to truly benefit from the regime on a global level, promote international trade and the optimal allocation of resources. Until such comprehensive solution can be globally agreed upon, the most sensible way forward is to modernise the international tax framework on the basis of the existing system that relies on the post-BEPS interpretation of the arm’s length principle.