Browsing by Subject "auringonkukka"

Sustainable and diverse use of natural resources has a significant role in developing environmentally benign processes and products in the future. There is a growing need for ecological and natural dyes. The aim of this study was to examine the dyeing properties of the fungus Cortinarius armillatus and the stems and leaves of sunflower, Helianthus annuus. Also, the mordant remnants in natural dye baths were under investigation. Metal mordants are commonly used in natural dyeing to enhance the binding of the dye to the fibre. These auxiliary substances can be harmful to human health and the environment. The amount of the used metal mordant varies in the dyeing recipes. Therefore, the second object of the study was to find out how much of the mordant remains in the dyeing liquid after the dyeing process and to determine if the amount is hazardous to environment. Woollen fabric and yarn meta-mordanted with different concentrations of alum and ferrous sulphate were dyed with C. armillatus and H. annuus. The obtained shades were red from the C. armillatus and yellow and green from the H. annuus. The CIELAB values varied depending on the used mordant. The concentration of the ferrous sulphate had a greater impact on the colour than the concentration of the alum. The colour fastness to washing was more stable in the samples dyed with C. armillatus than dyed with H. annuus. The light fastness was moderate in all the dyeing conditions, whereas the rubbing fastness properties were generally good. The mordant or its concentration did not have consistent effect to the light or rubbing fastness. The applied mordant did not totally bind to the fibre. The amount of the remaining metal substances was high and even higher than the original amount. Mordants were bound to the fibre most effectively in the premordanting procedure. In addition, ferrous sulphate bound better to the dyed fibre than alum. The amount of the remaining mordant was affected by the dye and the dyeing procedure, therefore it was difficult to draw general conclusions about the optimal mordant concentrations. Although the aluminium and iron remnants were high compared to the original applied amount, their use is not environmentally hazardous in domestic scale applications.