Browsing by Subject "energiatehokkuus"
Now showing items 1-9 of 9
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(2010)In Finland energy requirement is high because of the cold climate and long distances. Energy is needed to ensure the welfare and an industrial life’s needs. Energy taxation, emissions trading and subventions are well known political instruments for decreasing energy consumption. Energy efficiency has become a famous policy for reducing energy consumption without lowering the quality of energy services. There have always been critics for the energy efficiency and its consequences among the researchers. It is possible to have improving energy efficiency, while still seeing rises in energy consumption. This phenomenon is known as a rebound effect. If energy consumption rises above the level it would have been without efficiency improvements the phenomena is called backfire effect. The objective of this thesis was to find out how to investigate the rebound-effect, what are the critical factors of it and present the results of the resent empirical studies. Attention has been also in finding out what energy efficiency is, how it appears in economical models and why it is an important research area. The effects of energy efficiency are difficult to allocate between different economic factors. Hence it seems that a computable general equilibrium framework is obvious tool to investigate the rebound effect in the national economy level though it’s quite complicated. The production function and the elasticity of substitution seem to be crucial for the size of the rebound effect in a computable general equilibrium framework. It was observed that when the elasticity of substitution was high, the rebound effect was also high. For this reason the form of production function is crucial, it should be one where the elasticity of substitution is not a constant. Empirical studies have established evidence of the rebound effect but its size varies with different areas, with a different elasticity of substitution and in different time periods. In some scenarios even backfire was observed. None of the cases reach total utility of the efficiency improvements.
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Energiatehokkuusinvestoinnit suomalaisissa yrityksissä : investointeja edistävät ja estävät tekijät (2016)The role of increasing energy efficiency as part of climate goals has become more important in recent years, as it is seen as a cost-effective way of reaching the goals. Multiple studies have shown that even though cost-effective energy efficiency investment opportunities exists firms are not implementing them. This under investment phenomenon is called energy efficiency paradox. This Master´s thesis aims to increase understanding of factors effecting the implementation of energy efficiency investments in Finnish companies. Thus, the purposes of this study is to identify barriers and drivers that have affected the likelihood that energy efficiency investments have been implemented in small or medium size company during the past five years. The Data for the study was collected through a survey spring 2015. The survey was sent in co-operation with Motiva Oy to companies participating in the voluntary energy efficiency agreements and in co-operation with The Federation of Finnish Enterprises to their member companies. The research method was binary logistic regression analysis. As a result of regression analysis two models were produced. The statistically better model was chosen to describe the barriers and drivers that have effected implementation of energy efficiency investments in small or medium size companies during the past five years. The results from the model suggested that the factors increasing the likelihood that energy efficiency investments had been made was larger company size and good energy management. Good energy management includes that concrete objectives for energy efficiency improvements have been made in the company and that an investment will be monitored after implementation. The factors that decrease the likelihood that energy efficiency investments had been made was being in a non-energy intensive industry: construction, service or other industries such as agriculture. The most relevant driving force was good energy management. A Company with good level of energy management is 15 times likelier to have made energy efficiency investments than a company that has no concrete objectives for energy efficiency improvements and/or does not monitor results from energy efficiency investments.
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(2018)Improving energy efficiency has been recognized as a major tool for reducing energy use and emissions. Energy efficiency is most often defined as the ratio of required energy input and resulting output. Accordingly, energy efficiency improves whether less energy input is needed to produce the same output. In the context of building’s energy efficiency, the usual indicator is a specific energy consumption or the so-called energy efficiency index (EEI) which is used to examine energy consumption proportional to building’s surface area or volume. This Master’s thesis was an assignment to HOK Elanto co-op. The aim of this thesis was to examine both the amount of the remaining energy-saving potential in HOK-Elanto retail stores and economic benefits that could be achieved by improving energy efficiency. Economic viability of energy efficiency measures was examined with the net present value method. In addition, the emission reductions achieved through these measures were calculated. Plenty of measures which reduce energy consumption have been recognized to exist in the retail trade sector. In this thesis energy efficiency measures examined were refrigeration system renewals, transition to lighting led-technology and optimization of ventilation. Renewing refrigeration systems is very timely due to F-gas regulation in which is stated that most of the current refrigerants must be replaced with those refrigerants that have smaller global warming potential. In addition to the above-mentioned measures, it was studied when the introduction of solar PV could be profitable in HOK-Elanto's store properties and how much economic benefits would be achieved. The results of this thesis show that there exists 28 GWh of annual energy saving potential which corresponds with annual savings of 2,4 million euros. The biggest savings are achieved through lighting technology changes. Also refrigeration system renewals yield significant energy savings but due to high investment costs, renewals are recommended to implement within the limits set by F-gas regulation as when there is actual need to renew the systems. Optimization of ventilation turned out to be an uncertain energy efficiency measure because the current ventilation units may not be able to operate at such low levels that energy savings could be achieved. Solar PV investments turned out to be unprofitable at this point in time due to relatively low energy prices and high investment costs. Whether only lighting and refrigeration systems are renewed in HOK-Elanto retail stores, energy efficiency level in Alepa and S-market chains will improve approximately by 20 % and in Prisma-chain by 28 %.
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(2012)The aim of this study was to compare warm white LED and High Pressure Sodium (HPS) -lamps in the greenhouse cultivation of lettuce. Two experiments were carried out in which lettuce growth and external quality was observed, the effect of lamps on leaf temperature was measured and the electricity consumption of LED- and HPS-lamps was compared. First experiment carried out with iceberg lettuce (´Frillice`) and second experiment with red oakleaf lettuce (´Rouxai´). In the second experiment, the effect of light treatment on the color of leaves was also investigated. The presence of tipburn was another measurement of external quality in both experiments. LED-lamp with DLC-sensor (Dynamic Light Control), which was designed to optimize the illumination according to the existing natural light, was also included in the experiments. Light quality or observed differences in temperatures or relative humidity did not significantly affect the fresh weight or external quality of ice berg lettuce. Oakleaf lettuces grown under LED-light were much smaller and they had more tipburn symptoms compared to HPS-treatment. No significant differences were found in the anthocyaninlevels of oakleaf lettuce grown under different lightning treatments. LED -lighting consumed about 22% less electricity than HPS-lamp in both experiments. However, energy efficiency of HPS- and LED-lamps cannot be directly compared, since HPS-lamps illuminated larger area than the LED- luminaires. DLCsensor was able to adjust illumination according to natural light and to reduce energy consumption, but it did not increase fresh weight accumulation in relation to power consumption compared to LED-luminaire without DLC.
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(2019)Tutkielman tavoitteena oli vertailla maatalouden maantiekuljetuksissa traktorin ja varsinaisen perävaunun yhdistelmän energiankulutusta kuorma-autokuljetuksen energiankulutukseen. Energiankulutus kuljetuksissa syntyy vierintävastuksen ja ilmanvastuksen voittamisesta. Toisena tavoitteena oli vertailla menetelmien kus-tannuksia. Tutkielman aineisto kerättiin kirjallisuudesta ja tilastoista, minkä lisäksi mitattiin polttoaineen kulutusta lihakarjatuotantoon keskittyneen maatilan traktorilla ja kuljetusyrityksen täysperävaunuyhdistelmällä. Täysperävaunuyhdistelmällä ja traktorin ja -varsinaisen perävaunun yhdistelmällä kuljetettiin pyöröpaaleja pellolta tilakeskukseen samanlaisissa oloissa. Paalit olivat rehupaaleja ja olkipaaleja. Lisäksi kuljetettiin myös irtorehua. Traktori kulutti tiekuljetuksissa enemmän polttoainetta kuin kuorma-auton täysperävaunuyhdistelmä. Eron katsottiin johtuneen traktorin renkaista, joilla oli suurempi vierintävastus kuin kuorma-auton renkailla. Traktori oli myös hitaampi massan siirtäjä kuin kuorma-auto alemman ajonopeuden ja pienemmän hyötykuorman takia. Tulokset osoittivat, että kuorma-auton täysperävaunuyhdistelmä on energia-tehokkaampi ja nopeampi kuljetusväline kuin traktori, kun matkat ovat pitkiä ja kuljetettavat massat suuria. Kuorma-auton täysperävaunuyhdistelmän rengastus ja hyötykuorman koko on lähtökohtaisesti suunniteltu maantiekuljetuksiin. Tämän tutkimuksen mittaustulokset eivät ole laajasti yleistettävissä, koska mittauksiin sisältyi useita muuttuvia tekijöitä. Taloudellisten laskelmien perusteella kuorma-auto oli traktoria edullisempi kuljetusmenetelmä kuljetusmatkan ja kuljetettavan massan kasvaessa. Tuloksia verrattiin myös kuljetusliikkeen kuorma-auton ostopalveluun, joka laskelmien perusteella osoittautui omaa traktoria tai kuorma-autoa edullisemmaksi.
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(2020)Ilmastonmuutos on globaali ongelma, jonka torjunta vaatii merkittäviä päästövähennyksiä. Energiantuotanto on yksi merkittävä ilmastolle haitallisia päästöjä aiheuttava sektori. Samaan aikaan globaali energiankysyntä kasvaa jatkuvasti väestönkasvun ja teollistumisen seurauksena. Energiantuotannon päästöjä voidaan vähentää energiateknologialla, uusiutuvan energian ja energiatehokkuuden avulla. Tieteelliset teoriat, joista yksi tunnetuimmista on Porterin hypoteesi, näkevät tiukan ympäristöregulaation vaikuttavan positiivisesti teknologiseen kehitykseen. Ympäristösääntelyn ollessa korkealla tasolla sekä Suomessa että EU:ssa, on Suomella Porterin teorian mukaan hyvät edellytykset kehittää energiateknologiaa ulkomaanvientiin asti. Myös Suomen valtio on panostanut viimevuosina energiateknologian kehitykseen ja maan tavoitteena on hyötyä energiateknologian kehityksestä kotimaisten päästövähennysten lisäksi energiateknologiaviennin kasvattamisen avulla. Tutkielmassani selvitän Suomen energiateknologiaviennin kehitystä ja sen piirteitä vuosina 2010–2018. Olen määrittänyt 457 energiateknologian tuotetta, jotka kuvaavat Suomen energiateknologiaviennin kokonaisuutta. Tutkin tarkemmin Suomen vuoden 2018 energiateknologiavientiä sekä tuulivoimateknologiavientiä vuosina 2010–2018. Suomen energiateknologiavienti on pysynyt melko tasaisena tarkastelujakson ajan. Suomen vuotuinen energiateknologiavienti liikkui viiden miljardin euron tuntumassa vuodesta 2010 vuoteen 2018. Sen sijaan Suomen tuulivoimateknologiavienti on aaltoilevaa, mutta siitä oli havaittavissa kehittyvä kasvutrendi vuodesta 2010 vuoteen 2018. Global climate change is a major issue. Limiting the rise in global temperature below a critical point requires big emission reductions. Globally, energy production causes emissions harmful to the climate. Demand for energy is constantly growing because of population growth and industrialization. However, advances in renewable energy technology can help reduce the levels of emissions. Energy technology can also reduce the final consumption levels of energy by improving energy efficiency. In Finland and EU, environmental regulation is on high level and some theories suggest that this advances technological development. A well-known theory supporting this is Porter’s hypothesis. Regarding these theories, Finland has a good opportunity to develop its energy technology. The government of Finland is investing in low-carbon energy technology and it aims is to gain some benefits by exporting these technologies. In this paper, I will study the exportation of energy technology of Finland in 2010–2018 in general, but also focusing on the exportation of wind power technology. I have defined 457 energy technology products that form the export of energy technology of Finland. The energy technology of Finland has been stable in 2010–2018. The value of this trade in euros has remained stable, approximately five billion euros. While the share of energy technology exports from the total value of exports in Finland has slowly reduced in 2010-2018. Wind power technology export of Finland have been fluctuating, but they have increased more clearly than the total energy technology export of Finland.
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(2022)Energy subsidies are increasingly used by governments to encourage individuals to improve the energy efficiency of their homes with energy renovations. However, the existing literature on these subsidy programmes has raised concerns that many of the subsidy recipients might have undertaken energy renovations even without the subsidy. If energy subsidies have no effect on the decision to undertake an energy renovation, or the scale or timing of the renovation, this raises serious questions about their cost-effectiveness. In this thesis, the effects of the Finnish energy subsidy programme, launched in 2020, on renovation choices were assessed using a bunching methodology. The subsidy paid to an individual is proportional to their renovation spending up to certain maximum thresholds. As a result of these thresholds, some individuals whose subsidised renovation spending would otherwise have just exceeded the maximum, now have an incentive to locate almost exactly at this maximum value. Using a bunching design to check for excess mass in the distribution of subsidised renovation spending around the thresholds, it was possible to evaluate whether individuals are responding to this incentive. Further analysis on bunching was done by evaluating the determinants of bunching with a probit model, and exploring how bunching relates to applicants’ survey responses using multiple correspondence analysis. The results from the bunching analysis demonstrate that there is significant excess mass in the distribution around subsidy thresholds, implying that some individuals are responding to the incentives created by the subsidy. Further analysis on bunching, however, highlights that the result is local and should not be generalised to applicants further from the maximum thresholds. Although the results suggest that those undertaking a more extensive renovation may have had a slightly larger behavioural response, further analysis was not able to distinguish the determinants of bunching. The behavioural response identified by bunching indicates that the subsidies are having an effect on some individuals’ choices concerning the scale and quality of their energy renovation. It should, however, be noted that this is not a causal effect and cannot be generalised to other energy subsidy programmes.
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(2021)Energy consumption of apartment buildings account for a significant part of European Union’s total greenhouse gas emissions and improving the energy efficiency of buildings is a major part of reaching Union’s climate goals. To reach these goals the EU has revised some of its legislation and one of the latest reforms is the complete revision of Energy Efficiency of Buildings directive in 2018. Directives article 14 decreed that member states need to implement energy efficiency measures on large apartment buildings and to meet these measures member states were given three options on how to implement article 14. Finland implemented the article with so called voluntary advice method. The goal of this study is to understand the conclusion of the national implementation of article 14 and explain it with implementation theory. The study tries to understand what factors led to the implementation of voluntary advice method and whether this selection can be explained with implementation theory. Study design is one case explanatory case study. Seven semi-structured interviews were conducted for this research and the material was analysed with qualitative methods. All the interviewees were either officials in charge of the implementation or experts and researchers who took part in the implementation process. The study shows that the factors leading up to the selected implementation method were earlier experiences from other implementations, the straightforward nature of implementing advice method and the cost estimates between the given implementation options. It also became clear that the method was favoured by the officials, experts and target group and this volition might have affected the result. Study helps to understand the process of implementing EU legislation in a member state, what challenges officials face during the implementation and what kind of expectations steer the process. The study found out that previous implementation methods may have a significant impact on the implementation of revised directives. Study also verified the factors affecting implementation defined by implementation theories.
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(2013)In Finland grain has to handle that seeds will stay in good condition in storage. The most common method of preservation is drying. 11 % of energy consumption in a grain growing chain is used in drying. EU has set the aim to achieve 9 % energy saving by year 2016 compared to average energy consumption in years 2001-2005. Ministry of agriculture and forestry has started energy program in agriculture, which aims to energy saving in agriculture. The aim of this study was to find out by computer simulation how to get the best energy efficiency in grain drying in different conditions. In the study was made a series of simulations to find out is different adjustments needed in different conditions. By sensitivity analysis was found out, which variable (condition or adjustment) affects most to the drying process. To find out reliability of the simulator energy consumption and drying time results was compared between simulation and real dryings in Viikki’s research farm. The best energy efficiency was achieved when high drying air temperature, fast grain circulation and small amount of air were used. The grain drying process is very sensitive to drying air temperature, moisture of grain and amount of air. The process is quite sensitive to density of grain and outside temperature. The simulator givesreliable results for energy consumption when grain moisture is more than 17% (w.b.) and for drying time when grain moisture is lower than 17 %. By adjusting grain drying process it is possible to save remarkable amount of energy. It is important to harvest and dry grain as good conditions as possible. Also isimportant to use isolation in dryer and maintain the burner.
Now showing items 1-9 of 9