Browsing by Subject "oncolytic viruses"
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(2023)Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related deaths in the world every year. Of all non-small cell lung cancers, lung adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent subtype. There is a great need for better treatment options for lung cancer, of which cancer immunotherapy is an attractive option due to the high mutational burden of lung tumors. Patient-derived lung cancer organoids (lung PDTOs) could provide a new testing platform for these studies as the 3D models better represent the original tumor and its microenvironment compared to often used 2D cell lines. One interesting field is immunopeptidomics, which focuses on discovering tumor peptides presented in the HLA-I molecule on the tumor surface that could elicit an immune response. Using lung adenocarcinoma PDTOs, this study aimed to analyze the immunopeptidome of five PDTOs to discover tumor-specific and immunogenic peptides using PeptiCHIP purification and LC-MS analysis. These findings could be used in PeptiCRAd, a novel cancer vaccine comprised of an oncolytic adenovirus coated with tumor peptides. To elucidate the applicability of PDTOs for virotherapy, three oncolytic adenoviruses, D102, Ad5/3Δ24 and Ad5Δ24-RFP, and their ability to infect, kill, and replicate in lung PDTOs was studied. PDTOs were characterized as epithelial, as they presented epithelial cytokeratin and epithelial layer structures, as indicated by cytoskeletal F-actin staining. The three oncolytic adenoviruses were studied by infecting PDTOs and a difference in killing capacity of the three viruses was shown, potentially due to differences in receptor interactions and expressed transgenes. In addition, D102 and Ad5Δ24-RFP were shown to replicate in PDTOs, which is necessary to induce a strong enough immune response against the virus for immunotherapy efficiency. HLA-I expression was high in all tested models, which indicated that antigens could be presented in the tumor cells. Immunopeptidome analysis did not result in a high yield of peptides, likely due to challenges in sample preparation and patient material being scarce. As the HLA-type of each patient was unknown during this study, more data analyses still need to be done to determine the best immunogenic peptides, which could then be further studied in vitro. However, peptides overexpressed in lung cancer and with cancer benefiting properties were found from PDTOs, which already gives promising results. In conclusion, though additional immunopeptidome studies with an increased yield of peptides are needed to select tumor-relevant immunogenic targets for therapeutical use, as well as additional testing on the optimal oncolytic virus for lung cancer targeted PeptiCRAd immunotherapy, this study proved that oncolytic viruses can infect and kill lung PDTOs, and that HLA-I expressed tumor peptides can be identified from them. This is also one step towards finding better and patient-specific research models for testing therapies and discovering and developing personalized cancer treatments.
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(2018)During the past few decades, the explosion of discovery in cancer and immunological research has led to the increased understanding of the interactions between the immune system and tumors. These developments have provided vital information about the immune system’s role in cancer development. It is evidenced that the immunity system is capable to distinguish tumor cells from normal tissue by recognizing tumor antigens that are exclusively expressed on tumor cells or are presented in greater amounts on tumor cells than normal cells. Consequently, the immune cells start to attack tumors for protecting the host. The possibility to use the immune system as a weapon against cancer cells leaded to the promising innovation – cancer immunotherapy – which aims to activate the body’s own immune system and its components to mount antitumor immune responses for eliminating cancer cells. The antitumor efficacy and high safety profile of several immunotherapeutic strategies have already been demonstrated thereby resulting in their integration into clinical practice. However, most patients have not benefited from cancer immunotherapy as a single treatment. In this regard, new innovative methods are clearly needed to overcome the obstacles hindering the clinical success of this field. Therapeutic cancer vaccines are emerging as attractive immunotherapies currently being evaluated in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. The purpose of cancer vaccines is to eradicate tumor cells by eliciting antitumor CD8+ T cell responses against the injected tumor antigens. Due to the ability to specifically kill tumor cells and simultaneously trigger immune responses against tumor antigens via direct oncolysis and by encoding transferred tumor antigens, oncolytic viruses are of significant interest for being used as in situ cancer vaccines. Despite these unique properties, several factors such as tumor immunosuppression and immune tolerance to targeted tumor antigens resembling antigens of normal tissues hamper the use of oncolytic vaccines in clinic. Instead of focusing only on CD8+ T cells, it has been suggested that giving more attention to CD4+ T helper cells, which are required for priming and expansion of CD8+ T cell responses, could be the key to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines. Researchers have also demonstrated that an ongoing antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response can lead to the bystander activation of surrounding T cells with unrelated antigen specificities. Based on this theory, the hypothesis of this study was to employ the pre-existing immunological CD4+ memory against infectious pathogens in generating bystander CD8+ immunity against solid tumors. In this study, mice transplanted with poorly immunogenic B16-OVA tumors were pre-immunized with the chosen vaccine to induce immunological CD4+ memory against an infectious pathogen. Tumors were then treated with already developed cancer vaccine, which was peptide-coated conditionally replicating adenovirus (PeptiCRAd) complex. PeptiCRAd was constructed by electrostatically coating adenovirus with both pathogen-derived and tumor-derived peptide. The intratumorally injected double-coated PeptiCRAd complex was assumed to activate peptide-specific T cells and thus, result in anti-pathogen CD4+ T cell recall responses and the following bystander activation of antitumor CD8+ T cells, which can then mount an effective immune response to destroy cancer cells. The efficacy of this treatment was observed in pre-immunized mice by measuring the growth of injected tumors. The experiment was repeated identically with non-immunized naïve mice to see the difference in the results. The immunological background of this treatment approach was investigated by analyzing mouse tissue samples with standard immunological techniques including ELISA, IFN-γ ELISPOT and flow cytometry. This study showed that long-term immunological memory against the pathogen was successfully accomplished and the strongest inhibition of tumor growth in pre-immunized mice was achieved with double-coated PeptiCRAd, whereas the antitumor efficacy was not seen in naïve mice. Additionally, a new ex vivo method to detect pathogen-specific CD4+ T cells from spleen was developed and the stimulation of cell-mediated immunity by this treatment was supported by finding the highest levels of pathogen-specific CD4+ Th1 cells from mice treated with double-coated PeptiCRAd. Some encouraging results concerning the beneficial immune cell composition of tumors and tumor draining lymph nodes were also obtained from other performed experiments. Though further immunological analyses are required for understanding the precise mechanisms of action behind the treatment, the increased immunogenicity and antitumor efficacy of double-coated PeptiCRAd can still be considered as a consequence of the bystander effect, which can possibly be utilized for developing improved strategies to win the fight against cancer.
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