Browsing by Subject "rye sourdough powder"

The literature review deals with the composition of rye flour and the significance of en-zymes and sourdough in rye flour processing. The operational principles of twin screw extruders, the extrusion of grain based materials and the formation of aroma during grain based extrusion are also reviewed. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the amount of powered rye sourdough and extrusion cooking parameters on the structure and properties of rye extrudate. Three process parameters were varied: content of rye sourdough powder, process temperature during the final stages of extrusion and revolution speed of the extruder's screws. A Box-Behnken's experimental design was used with 3 levels of dried sourdough powder content (0, 20 and 40%), 3 screws revolution speeds (200, 350 and 500 rpm) and 3 exit temperatures (120, 150 and 180°C). Feed rate was set at 4.0 kg/h and the moisture of the feed was 17.4%. A total of 15 experiments were perfomed. Pasting properties, acidity, acid value and D- and L-lactic acid concentration of full grain rye flour, dried rye sourdough flour and ground extrudate powder were determined. Acetic acid concentration of dried rye sourdough powder was also determined. Moisture content, expansion, texture, bubble sizes and colour of extrudate were determined. Extrusion cooking produce very different types of rye extrudates and the effect of process parameters on structure of extrudate was significant. When the pressure at the die was 30–40 bar, structure of extrudates were porous. Freeze dried extrudates were harder than extru-dates stored for one day at room temperature. Young's modulus decreased with increasing screws speed and processing temperature. Extrudate’s expansion increased as a function of increased revolution speed of screws and decreased processing temperature. As the content of dried sourdough increased, the bubble sizes of extrudate increased and also yellow (a) and red (b) colour and acidity of extrudates became stronger. Lightness (L) was statistical significantly higher when temperature was higher. As expected, the concentration of D- and L-lactic acid increased with increasing dried sourdough content. Decreased content of dried rye sourdough and slower revolution speed of screws increased cold peak viscosity signifi-cant. Peak and hold viscosities increased with slower revolution speed of the screws and decreased content of dried sourdough. Final viscosity and setback value increased signifi-cantly with slower revolution speed of the screws. The optimal extrudate, which was crispy and had a good flavour, was obtained when the content of dried sourdough powder was 20%, revolution speed of the screws was 500 rpm and processing temperature was 120°C.