Browsing by Subject "synthesis"
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(2017)The literature review of this thesis was focused on the pathway of folate biosynthesis with enzymes involved in it and factors effecting the synthesis of folate by bacteria. The literature was also partly focused on the introduction to propionic acid bacteria (PAB) and the folate production by these bacteria. The aim of the experimental part of the thesis was to screen the folate productivity of selected PAB strains isolated from various dairy and cereal sources after 96-hours anaerobic fermentation and also to see the effect of precursor (para-aminobenzoic acid) of folate biosynthesis on folate production by the strains. Then to further investigate the folate production of some promising PAB strains from screening part either with glucose or lactate as carbon source at four growth phases in aerobic fermentation. The propionic agar medium was used with either glucose or lactate as carbon source in the medium. Optical densities, pH, cell masses were measured after fermentation and folate produced by the strains was determined from biomass and supernatant of the samples using microbiological assay. Carbon consumption and metabolic end-products were analysed with HPLC after fermentation. Some of the screened PAB strains were promising folate producers. Strain 257 produced folate up to 124 µg/l which is even higher than production by some good Lactic acid bacteria (LAB). PAB strains produced intracellular folate upto 28954 ng/g cell biomass and excreted folate into medium upto 107 ng/ml. Strains grew faster with lactate than glucose but cell masses were higher with glucose than lactate even in the low pH. PAB strains showed the highest folate productivity in anaerobic fermentation with lactate as carbon source and aerobic fermentation with lactate as source was observed to be the best for high organic acid production. However, further studies are needed to optimise the cultivation condition of selected PAB strains for their best folate production in different matrices.
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(2020)This thesis deals with Kant’s doctrine of apperception, as presented in the Transcendental Deduction, in the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason. The research question examined in the thesis is to what extent and how the doctrine of apperception can be interpreted as analytic, and to what extent and how it can be interpreted as synthetic. The aim of the thesis is to show that the doctrine can be interpreted as inherently ambiguous, between an analytic account which presents a conceptual analysis of a unified subject’s activities of cognition, and a synthetic account which explains how the subject’s unity of consciousness, or the identity of apperception, is possible in the first place. This is achieved through (1) an examination of Allison’s interpretation of apperception, (2) close readings of the relevant passages in the Critique of Pure Reason, and (3) an interpretation of Hegel’s reading of Kant in Faith & Knowledge. It is argued in the thesis that an accurate interpretation of the doctrine of apperception must include accounts of both its analytic and synthetic dimensions. The proposed view is that the synthetic account explains how the analytic account is itself possible. So, on the one hand, it follows analytically from the thought of a single subject’s thinking an object, as containing diverse representations, that the subject synthesizes those diverse representations as an identical subject. On the other hand, Kant sometimes seems to think that the identity of apperception must itself be produced by synthesis and consciousness of it. This provides the basis for a synthetic account of apperception, expressed by Hegel’s view that the doctrine of apperception implies an identity of subject and object. In the thesis, Hegel’s view is interpreted to mean that insofar as the identity of apperception must be produced through synthesis and consciousness of synthesis, the distinction of subject and object cannot be justified, when it comes to that synthesis and consciousness of it. The view advanced in the thesis is that the process through which consciousness becomes unified, relative to synthesis, is a necessary condition of the analysis of the unified subject’s activities of cognition. Moreover, it is held that the ambiguity which gives rise to this view is inherent to the doctrine of apperception. So, although Allison’s analytic interpretation presents a generally plausible and internally consistent account of apperception, it is not fully supported by the text. Consequently, to avoid begging the question, a synthetic interpretation must also be given. In this thesis, such an interpretation is formulated on the basis of an interpretation of Hegel’s reading of Kant.
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