Browsing by Subject "universalism"
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(2022)Schwartz theory of basic human values is a globally used and recognized theory that is also used in Finnish research. The theory includes 10 values that can be considered globally prevalent. The theory is divided into four categories: conservation, self-transcendence, self-enhancement, openness to change. In addition, the underlying motivation for the different values is divided into individual, collective and mixed interests. In this research the aim is to analyze which of Schwartz's values appear in the national curriculum of 1994 and 2014 and look at changes in values between the years 1994 and 2014. There seems to be a need to examine the value base in the national curriculum to better understand which values form the basis for the big autonomy that is given to schools and teachers in the curriculum. Previous research shows that conservation and self-transcending values have been strongly prevalent in basic education. The survey's research data consisted of the value-based chapters in the national curriculum of 1994 and 2014. Schwartz theory of basic human values and Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) were used as a theoretical reference framework and analysis tools. The investigation was carried out according to mixed methods, where a qualitative interpretive deductive text analysis constituted the main research method, with a quantitatively measuring deductive text analysis as a supplementary analysis method. In the results section, the survey showed universalism as by far the most prevalent value in the curricula. Major changes found were that the value tradition's high occurrence in the national curriculum of 1994 had been replaced by power in 2014. Self-direction showed a high occurrence, and the compatibility between universalism and self-direction can be seen as strong and in line with the curricula. The expressions of values showed a big change between the years 1994 and 2014, described by the fact that diversity and multilingualism as expressions of values appeared strongly in the national curriculum of 2014. Self-transcending values and values with openness to change were most prevalent with individual and mixed interests as the underlying motivation. The result suggests that collective interests and values that are conservation and self-enhancing are not well represented in the national curriculum of 2014, and possibly need to be taken into account.
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(2020)Human values are studied across scientific disciplines. Our values underline what is important to us, and our values are reflected in our behaviour and the social structures that surround us. The cultural environment may contribute to value change. The values of individuals are mainly formed in younger years and remain relatively stable after a person has reached adulthood. The aim of this thesis was first to analyze the correlation between Schwartz’s (2012) universalism value structure and Inglehart’s (2014) self-expression values. Second, it was investigated whether this relationship is stronger in so-called WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) countries. The compared value structures put emphasis on factors that are often mentioned in conversations around sustainable development: environmental concern, care for other people, and social justice. In order to examine the relationship between universalism and self-expression values, a correlation analysis was performed with data from 52 countries across the world. The findings indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship (p < 0.01) between the value structures in seven of the eight WEIRD countries that were identified. In other parts of the world, the correlation was weaker and more dubious. On the one hand, the results suggest that high levels of universalism values can be combined with strong prevalence of self-expression values. Western individualism may coexist with altruism and environmental concern, in line with previous research. However, the positive correlations were rather small (0.10 < r < 0.30), signalling that the value structures universalism and self-expression represent different types of values with unique content. On the other hand, in a couple of nations bordering to WEIRD, the positive relationship between the value structures was due to relatively low levels of both universalism and self-expression values. Moreover, most non-WEIRD countries did not record a significant correlation between universalism and self-expression. From a cross-cultural perspective, this might be explained by the fact that the Schwartz and Inglehart frameworks have been designed and developed in the West. Under such circumstances, human values are approached from a Western point of view, meaning that the tools of measurement possibly work best in a WEIRD context. Theories, methods, and interpretations with a Western bias are not necessarily transferable to other countries and cultures without modifications.
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