Browsing by Subject "suora solujen uudelleenohjelmointi"

Heart failure is a major public health problem and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The most common cause of heart failure is myocardial infarction. Following a myocardial infarction, a large number of cardiomyocytes die and cardiac muscle is replaced by fibrotic scar tissue. Since the adult heart has inadequate endogenous regenerative capacity, loss of muscle tissue often causes a progressive decrease in cardiac function eventually leading to heart failure. At the moment heart transplantation is the only curative treatment for heart failure, but the low number of donor hearts is limiting the use of this treatment option. As current drugs only slow down the progression of the disease, there is a great need for new regenerative treatments. Direct cardiac reprogramming is a new approach for generating cardiomyocytes for cardiac regeneration. Unlike pluripotent stem cell-based strategies, direct reprogramming enables conversion of a terminally differentiated cell type directly into another cell type without first producing a pluripotent intermediate. Due to their abundancy and role in the repair of myocardial injury, fibroblasts represent an attractive starting cell type for direct cardiac reprogramming. Fibroblasts have been directly reprogrammed to induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) by overexpression of key cardiac transcription factors, microRNAs (miRNA) or by modulating specific signal transduction pathways with small-molecule compounds. Despite successful reports of direct reprogramming both in vitro and in vivo, the efficiency of direct reprogramming remains, however, too low for potential clinical applications. The aim of this M.Sc. thesis work was to establish direct reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to iCMs by viral overexpression of cardiac transcription factors Hand2 (H), Nkx2.5 (N) Gata4 (G), Mef2c (M) and Tbx5 (T) and a small-molecule compound screening platform for identifying small-molecule compounds that could enhance the reprogramming efficiency and potentially replace cardiac transcription factors in direct cardiac reprogramming. In accordance with previous publications MEFs were successfully directly reprogrammed to iCMs using both HGMT and HNGMT cardiac transcription factor combinations. The screening platform was tested using the TGF-β inhibitor SB431542, which has recently been reported to increase the cardiac reprogramming efficiency. In line with previous publications, the reprogramming efficiency was significantly increased by treatment with SB431542. Initial tests with other small-molecule compounds did not have a positive effect on the reprogramming efficiency. The results of this M.Sc. thesis work verify previous publications and demonstrate a method for in vitro small-molecule compound screening, which can be used to identify compounds that increase the reprogramming efficiency in direct cardiac reprogramming. However, the results shown here are only preliminary and more replicates are needed in order to confirm the current results. Nonetheless, the results of this thesis work set a foundation for finding small-molecule compounds that in the future might be used to target direct cardiac reprogramming as a regenerative therapy for myocardial infarction and heart failure.