Skip to main content
Login | Suomeksi | På svenska | In English

Chemical background of DNA sequencing technologies

Show simple item record

dc.date.accessioned 2014-04-07T09:57:21Z und
dc.date.accessioned 2017-10-24T12:19:46Z
dc.date.available 2014-04-07T09:57:21Z und
dc.date.available 2017-10-24T12:19:46Z
dc.date.issued 2014-04-07T09:57:21Z
dc.identifier.uri http://radr.hulib.helsinki.fi/handle/10138.1/3586 und
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/10138.1/3586
dc.title Chemical background of DNA sequencing technologies en
ethesis.discipline Organic chemistry en
ethesis.discipline Orgaaninen kemia fi
ethesis.discipline Organisk kemi sv
ethesis.department.URI http://data.hulib.helsinki.fi/id/c2dd677c-da9c-4011-94b0-27b1585ac1cb
ethesis.department Kemiska institutionen sv
ethesis.department Department of Chemistry en
ethesis.department Kemian laitos fi
ethesis.faculty Matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten sv
ethesis.faculty Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta fi
ethesis.faculty Faculty of Science en
ethesis.faculty.URI http://data.hulib.helsinki.fi/id/8d59209f-6614-4edd-9744-1ebdaf1d13ca
ethesis.university.URI http://data.hulib.helsinki.fi/id/50ae46d8-7ba9-4821-877c-c994c78b0d97
ethesis.university Helsingfors universitet sv
ethesis.university University of Helsinki en
ethesis.university Helsingin yliopisto fi
dct.creator Pietiläinen, Olli
dct.issued 2014
dct.language.ISO639-2 eng
dct.abstract This thesis will review the chemical background of most commonly used sequencing technologies. Since the development of first sequencing methods in 1977, sequencing has become a routine tool in molecular biology and medical research. During past decade the field has evolved rapidly leading to million-fold reductions in the cost of sequencing. Although the 2',3'-dideoxy Sanger method is still widely used, new methods referred to as next-generation sequencing have taken over the market. Development of efficient sequencing technologies has relied on major chemical and technical advances. Over the years, the fundamentals of sequencing have not changed, but the marked increase in efficiency is reached through massive parallelization of individual polymerase catalyzed DNA extension reactions. This has been enabled by introduction of chemically modified nucleotides with cleavable terminator groups and fluorescent dyes attached to them. In addition, the massive parallelization relies on advances in silica surface chemistry that allow DNA fragments to be covalently bound to solid supports, forming the grounds of DNA microarray technology. New developments in sequencing aim for the detection of single DNA molecules in real time during DNA synthesis and replacing the optical detection methods with electronic methods that allow recording of the sequence data in digital format. The experimental part of the thesis studies selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine to 5-formyl cytosine. In addition to the four alternating bases, DNA in living cells undergoes covalent modifications. These are referred to as epigenetic changes and they are thought to have important biological roles. A class of epigenetic modification involves the methylation and hydroxymethylation of the 5-carbon of cytosine. The modified cytosine residues are not distinguished from cytosine in traditional polymerase based sequencing. However, treating DNA with bisulfite prior to sequencing leads to deamination of cytosine, but leaves the modified cytosine residues unchanged. It was recently suggested that the methylated and hydroxymethylated cytosine residues could be distinguished from each other by selectively oxidizing the 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine to 5-formyl cytosine prior to bisulfite treatment. 5-formyl cytosine undergoes deamination in bisulfite treatment, which allows distinguishing between the two. We investigated six potential oxidizing agents for oxidizing 5-methylcytosine. For testing the agents, we used 5-hydroxymethyl uracil, 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine as model molecules. In addition, we synthesized a protected 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine that could further be used for synthesis of 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine phosphoramidite that can be then used in oligonucleotide synthesis. The preliminary results suggest that four agents (KRuO4, (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6, TPAP, and BaMnO2) could potentially be used for selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylcytidine in DNA. However, the compatibility of these agents should be carefully tested in DNA oligonucleotides and genomic DNA, as well as with available sequencing technologies. en
dct.language en
ethesis.language.URI http://data.hulib.helsinki.fi/id/languages/eng
ethesis.language English en
ethesis.language englanti fi
ethesis.language engelska sv
ethesis.thesistype pro gradu-avhandlingar sv
ethesis.thesistype pro gradu -tutkielmat fi
ethesis.thesistype master's thesis en
ethesis.thesistype.URI http://data.hulib.helsinki.fi/id/thesistypes/mastersthesis
dct.identifier.urn URN:NBN:fi-fe2017112252021
dc.type.dcmitype Text

Files in this item

Files Size Format View
pietilainen_gradu_final_e_thesis.pdf 2.759Mb PDF

This item appears in the following Collection(s)

Show simple item record