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The purpose of this Bachelor’s Thesis was to examine how distributed pedagogical leadership showed in the interviews of daycare center leaders. In this Thesis, the subject is examined, analyzed and interpreted in the framework of Fonsén’s (2014) broad phenomenon concentrating on the following dimensions: context, organizational culture and management of substance. The governance and legislation of early childhood education has been under amendment procedures during the past years and the process is ongoing. Research has shown that the base for high-quality early childhood education is formed by high-quality pedagogical leadership. The standpoint of distributed pedagogical leadership looks deeper on pedagogical leadership and transfers to examine it on an interactional level. From this point of view, leadership can be seen as a shared responsibility, for which everyone is responsible for basic mission on their positions expanse. This study is a part of an international leadership research ”Discourse of leadership in diverse field of early childhood education” lead by Elina Fonsén. For this thesis I interviewed four daycare center leaders from Helsinki. The method of the interview was a focus group and my role was to be a facilitator in the situation. This research was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. The study was reported as a dialog with theoretical frame, empirical material and researcher of this study. The results of the study showed that in the leaders’ discourses it is possible to construe features of “pre” distributed pedagogical leadership. For example, this was visible from the discourses when leaders were speaking about kindergarten teacher’s pedagogical leadership being responsible of pedagogy in the group. On the other hand, leaders also simultaneously evaluated the quality the kindergarten teacher’s pedagogy. The results of the study also show that the focus of leadership in early childhood education is shifting from individual management towards distributed leadership. When basic mission was developed only by the leaders in the past, nowadays the whole staff is involved in developing the basic mission.

Tavoitteet. Aiemmissa tutkimuksissa on todettu, että autististen lasten jaetun tarkkaavuuden käyttö poikkeaa tyypillisesti kehittyvistä ikätovereista. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia autismin kirjoa ja jaettua tarkkaavuutta sekä jaetun tarkkaavuuden kuntoutuksen merkitystä osana kokonaisvaltaista autismin kirjon kuntoutusta. Tutkimuksessa koottiin yhteen erilaisia arviointi- ja kuntoutusmenetelmiä, joilla autististen lasten jaettua tarkkaavuutta on mahdollista tutkia ja tukea. Lisäksi tutkittiin kuntoutuksen vaikuttavuutta. Menetelmät. Tutkimuksen menetelmä oli integroiva kirjallisuuskatsaus. Haku suoritettiin helmikuussa 2020 ja hakulausekkeena käytettiin (autis*) AND (joint attention) AND (intervention* OR assessment). Artikkeleita valikoitui lopulliseen tutkimukseen kuusi. Tutkimuksia tarkasteltiin sisällönanalyysin avulla. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Autististen lasten jaetun tarkkaavuuden kykyjä arvioitiin havainnoimalla lapsen ja aikuisen leikkiä, lapsen silmien liikettä ja käyttämällä erilaisia standardoituja arviointimenetelmiä. Interventioiden kesto ja toteutustapa vaihtelivat, mutta kaikkien tutkimusten tulosten mukaan jaetun tarkkaavuuden taidot paranivat ja tulokset näkyivät myös seurantatutkimuksessa. Jotta jatkossa saataisiin relevanttia tietoa siitä, miten intervention pituus ja sisältö vaikuttavat jaetun tarkkaavuuden kykyihin, olisi jokaisen artikkelin tutkimusasetelma oltava samanlainen. Tutkimuksissa käytetyt arviointimenetelmät sekä interventioiden sisältö olivat hyvin vaihtelevia, joten tulokset eivät ole yleistettäviä. Jatkotutkimusta tulisi tehdä iän merkityksestä kuntoutuksen vaikuttavuuteen sekä siihen, millainen merkitys aikaisin aloitetulla kuntoutuksella on autistisen lapsen jaetun tarkkaavuuden kykyihin. Jatkossa tulisi myös tutkia, miten intervention pituus ja sisältö vaikuttavat jaetun tarkkaavuuden kykyjen kehitykseen.

Facebook är ett av de populäraste sociala medierna bland högskolestuderande. Den stora mängden användare har väckt alltfler frågor gällande Facebooks inverkan på den psykiska hälsan. Enligt forskning kan Facebook påverka självkänslan, känslan av gemenskap och upplevelsen av tillfredställelse med det egna livet. Forskningsresultaten antyder att Facebook kan stärka självkänslan och känslan av gemenskap men även orsaka stress, oro, depression och ångest. Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att med en litteraturöversikt beskriva de mekanismer som kan orsaka ångest på grund av Facebook-användning hos unga vuxna. Resultaten tyder på att mekanismer såsom social övervakning och social jämförelse, tillgänglighetsheuristik och attributionsfel, kommunikationsöverbelastning och självkänsla, Facebook-beroende samt användarnas ändamål med Facebook är faktorer som kan orsaka ångest bland unga vuxna som använder Facebook. Orsaken bakom varierande och flertydiga resultat förklaras med skillnader inom de mätmetoder som används för att beskriva de mekanismer som kan leda till ångest på grund av Facebook-användning. Andra orsaker är även användarnas individuella skillnader och olika faktorer som förmedlar och balanserar Facebooks inverkan på ångest.

Cd-skivan är ett format som drastiskt minskat i popularitet sedan on-demand tjänster som Spotify sett dagens ljus. Varför köper och lyssnar människor fortfarande på cd-skivor, trots att det både är smidigare och billigare att konsumera musik online? Den här kandidatavhandlingen består av kvalitativa intervjuer med tre skivsamlare som aktivt köper och lyssnar på cd-skivor. Intervjuerna är strukturerade med inslag av semistrukturerade frågor. Några av de viktigaste aspekterna av varför de intervjuade håller av cd-skivan är dess pålitlighet, att det är en fysisk produkt, samt att artisterna på ett tydligare sätt får betalt för sin musik. Dessutom är de lokala skivbutikerna dem nära hjärtat, en bransch de gärna understöder och ser att lever vidare. Framför allt gillar alla tre att lyssna på albumhelheter vilket är en av cd-skivans styrkor, trots att det också går att lyssna på albumhelheter online. Det verkar dock som att cd-skivan har ett mera personligt värde än vad Spotify eller Youtube har. Ingen av de tre intervjuobjekten ser musik online som ett problem utan snarare som ett komplement till cd-skivan. Tvärtom, några av de intervjuade använder sig mycket av tjänster som Spotify och Youtube för att hitta ny musik som de sedan gärna köper.

Jaget kan förstås som en konstant process som förändras i enighet med omgivningens förväntningar. I min avhandling studerar jag skammens koppling till jag-konstruktionen i symbolisk interaktionism. De sociologiska klassikerna Mead, Goffman och Cooley beskriver interaktionen som en ångestfylld händelse, där individen genom olika roller, intryckstyrningar och självuppskattningar justerar sin jag performans för att bli positivt bekräftad. Hotet att mista ansiktet är dock alltid närvarande, antingen som faktisk eller förväntad. Syftet är således att studera hur social interaktion och jaguppfattningar är kopplade till skamemotioner genom att jämföra symbolisk interaktionism med buddhistisk samhällsteori om inget jag, anatta. Eftersom jaget är en social konstruktion kan det inte undgå osäkerhet, utan är således alltid beroende av social acceptans. Buddhismen finner lösningen i mindfullness övningar som ökar individens förkroppsligade kunskaper av jaget som en illusion. När sociologin betonar den enskilda individens beroenderelationer, har buddhismen sin tyngdpunkt på inter-dependence, vilket betyder att alla sociala fenomen uppstår av varandras samverkan.

Sharing economy turns ordinary consumers to active citizens who share, create and produce goods and services for their needs. Sharing the less–used of completely spare resources – such as goods, facilities, and even people's time – leads for more efficient use. The sharing economy is expected to grow rapidly in Finland in the coming years and reach even a permanent position on the Finnish market. This study examines the opportunities of sharing economy for Finnish households. Based on the literature the opportunities of sharing economy have been divided to six broader categories. The concept of sharing economy is discussed in the study by Acquier, Daudigeos and Pinksen and Schor's theories. The research questions of my research are as follows: 1. What opportunities the sharing economy holds for Finnish households? a. What are the categories the sharing economy splits into, from the view of households? The study is a descriptive literature review, in which both Finnish and international scientific publications have been used. Material has been limited to publications on the opportunities of sharing the economy, followed by limiting the remaining literature to the top categories by industry. The literature review showed that a variety of new opportunities are available to households in the sharing economy – some of them have not even been seen in Finland yet. Opportunities are divided into areas of transport, housing and space use, food services, recycling and lending of goods, and tourism services. However, predicting the stabilization of the sharing economy is challenging, as it still is in its growth phase. The situation continues to live both in terms of opportunities and challenges for households.

Aims. Happiness is arguably the most desirable goal in life. Since ancient times happiness has been a subject of interest for scientists as well as laymen. Everyone knows what happi-ness is, but few know anything scientific about it. The aim of this study is to deeper insight into what science today can tell us about happiness. I approach this from a psychological perspec-tive, where the field of positive psychology promote the so-called good life and how a person can reach his full potential. In this thesis I present the leading theories within positive psychol-ogy, in the purpose of gathering insight as to what happiness really is from a psychological point of view, what effects this happiness, and whether we ourselves can have a positive in-fluence on our happiness. Methods. The method I used in this study is an integrative review and literacy-describing overview. I have systematically gathered and examined scientific literacy on the subject of happiness and positive psychology, whereafter I have done an understanding-oriented analy-sis and mapped out the conclusions. Based on previous studies in positive psychology and happiness, I describe what we scientifically today know about happiness. In the material used, I have chosen to focus on publications and studies made by three renown scientists within positive psychology; Martin Seligman, Ed Diener and Sonja Lyubomirsky. Conclusions. Happiness, despite its ambiguity, can be discussed scientifically. One can also empirically measure happiness, in the form of subjective well-being. Happiness can be compared through subjective evaluations, often with the help of self-evaluating surveys. It is also possible to measure subjective well-being in real time, through ESM methods. Using these methods, it has been possible to measure and compare subjective well-being on national scales, and present a large number of conclusions. Happy people have a lot of benefits in life. Studies have been able to point out several positive consequences of being happy, as well as specific relationships for what impacts one's happiness. The explaining factors for happiness are three-fold, about half is are genetically bound, 10-20% are due to living conditions, while 40% of the variation in subjective well-being can be explained by attitudes and intentional activities. By observing and adapting one´s style of approach, one can learn to become happier. Through the execution of a number of proposed happiness-promoting activities, one can consciously promote their happiness.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the perceptions of coaches’ in youth football on coaching expertise and good coaching. Outstanding sports performances are not based on innate abilities but on long-term deliberate practice. In sport, the most important task of a coach is to design and guide athletes' deliberate practice. The expert coaches consider the coaching context in their coaching and use their expertise to develop their athletes in a holistic way. In addition, they have the ability to continuously develop their athletes over the longer term. I explore what kind of coaching youth coaches think is a good coaching and what kind of coach they think is a good coach, and whether these perceptions differ between coaches in competitive and recreational teams. The data consists of theme interviews from four coaches. The material has been analyzed by using a qualitative content analysis method. According to coaches, good coaching is organized in a certain way, is oriented towards the player, generates learning, leads to excel in competition, creates a positive atmosphere in the team, and is also conditional depending on various preconditions. A good coach has some football related knowledge, good intrapersonal skills, some special features, good interpersonal skills, takes care of the players and understands the impacts of the environment on their own coaching. Competitive coaches emphasized the organizing nature of coaching, and how good coaching is organized in a certain systematic way that supports the achievement of goals. The recreational coaches, on the other hand, emphasized more the player-centeredness of good coaching and how the coaching is done with the players and for the players. This difference can reflect the differences in the recreational and competitive world in the demands they place on coaches.