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The goal of this master’s thesis is to describe and interpret how everyday food preparation is accommodated in families with teenage vegetarians. This thesis is based on an ecocultural view of proactive and adaptive families (Weisner & Gallimore, 1994; Gallimore et al., 1989; 1993). The data were collected in a family interview that combined theme- and stimulated recall -interviews. The stimulated recall -material was a photo food diary, that the participating youths (n=6) kept for 5–7 days by photographing everything they ate and sending the photos by WhatsApp to the thesis writer. Each diary entry contained a photo and a short set of notes. In the interview the youths described their everyday lives surrounding the photos. Their participating family members (n=8) added to these descriptions to build the frames of everyday life in their families. Discussion themes were also added from a theme interview guide written by the thesis writer. The interview material was analyzed using content analysis. The material was coded and themed by using the Atlas.ti software, after which the results were divided into categories by type. The everyday life food types were named the hedonistic, pragmatic and enabling type. Through these types an understanding was formed about food preparation in everyday life of families with teenage vegetarians and the accommodating actions, which are used in each type of family. The accommodating actions were adapted according to the practices already used in the families. Vegetarian food was given the same kind of meanings, which already existed in the family culture. In the hedonistic type also vegetarian food was made meaningful through its good flavor, which led to adaptation by testing new foods adventurously and making vegetarian food for the whole family. In the hedonistic type vegetarian food was made meaningful, as was nonvegetarian food, through it being fuel for family members enabling other activities. The vegetarian was offered a vegetarian version of non-vegetarian food the other family members ate. In the enabling type family members ate different foods, because each family member had different kinds of liking and needs, and all of these wanted to be catered to. For this to be possible, ready meals and restaurant food was frequently used unless the vegetarian youth made their own food. In conclusion, products made to substitute meat and other animal products, good knowledge on food and cooking, vast resources the families had available and treating food preparation as a hobby made the accommodative activities easier.

Aims: New forms of food services appear in the food market constantly as consumers are looking for new ways to ease their everyday lives. One new form of food services is a grocery bag service. With one delivery consumers may receive recipes and groceries to use for meals for several days. The aim of this study was to find out the impact of Anton & Anton's grocery bag service on the everyday life of its users. Another goal of this study was to explore the themes that lead to the choice to use of the service. The research questions are as follows 1) Why do consumers use grocery bag services, and 2) How does the grocery bag service affect to the everyday life management of the household. The theoretical framework of this study is based on earlier studies of consumer's food choice, and the concept of everyday life management by Liisa Haverinen (1996) Data and methods: The study was conducted with qualitative research. The data was collected with a questionnaire utilizing Typeform Internet application in March 2016. The participants were regular customers of Anton & Anton's grocery bag service. 109 answers were received to the questionnaire. 93% of respondents were female and only 7% male. The largest group of respondents (57) were between age of 30 to 45, the second largest were 45-65 year olds with 31 responses and the next were the 18-30 year olds with 15 responses. There were only six respondents aged over 65. Almost 60% of the respondents lived in a household with one or several children. The analysis of the data was conducted by content analysis and thematic analysis. Results and discussion: The results of the study suggest that the use of grocery bag services had many types of effects on the everyday lives of its users. The effects were perceived as mainly positive. According to the experiences of the users, the grocery bag service made their everyday life easier. The service developed the users' cooking skills and encouraged them to try new experiments in the kitchen. The users told that the use of the grocery bag service developed their diet to be more healthy and diverse. The service also made their grocery shopping more economical and systematic, and the shopping experience became more pleasant. The service directed the users to voluntarily make time and effort towards cooking. On the other hand the service decreased shopping time, which freed plenty of time in the users' everyday lives. The quality of the users' lives seemed to improve with successful cooking experiences as well as with distinguishing their own values in their food choices. According to the users, positive aspects of the grocery bag service also include decrease of food waste, increase of the use of vegetables and fish and decrease in unnecessary purchases, which save money.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the rhetorical means used in vegetarian cookbooks. The study explains what kind of rhetorical means vegetarian cookbook authors use in order to persuade readers to become vegetarians. This research also explains how marginal position of vegetarian diet in Finnish food culture appears in the use of these rhetorical means. The theoretical background of this study is based on the evolution of vegetarian diets and on different standpoints to rhetoric and argumentation. The research questions are: 1. What kind of means of rhetorical convincing are utilised in vegetarian cookbooks? 2. How marginal position of vegetarian diet appears in the use of rhetorical means? The material of this discourse analysis was gathered from 22 vegetarian cookbooks. To subject of the analysis was selected such text entities where authors discussed their stance on vegetarian diets and where they examined their perceptions to vegetarian choice. This kind of ready-made research material can be called naturalistic because researcher has not participated in the production of the material. The research material was analysed by using rhetorical means of Jokinen (1999). The use of rhetorical means was versatile and abundant in vegetarian cook books. Almost every category of rhetorical means by Jokinen (1999) was utilised by cook book authors. Only rhetorical mean, called ´factual speech´, was not noticed in the research material. In addition to rhetorical means by Jokinen, two other rhetorical ways of convincing were found from the material. However, the use of rhetorical questions and irony was unimportant. The use of rhetorical means was also very flexible as often one rhetorical mean contained elements from another. The marginal position of vegetarian diet appeared in two ways. First, cook book authors described vegetarian diets with positive images and definitions. On the contrary, foods of animal origin were described with negative expressions. The cook book authors also portrayed a theme of change on many levels while assuring readers.

Aims: Community supported agriculture (CSA) belongs to the alternative food networks that have become more prevalent in recent years. Common features for CSA are local food, support for environmentally friendly agriculture and communality. The aim of this study is to clarify the effects of CSA on the everyday life of the members. The research questions are 1) how the membership of CSA and the weekly vegetable box affect the management of the household food economics and 2) how the membership of CSA does affect the everyday life management of households. The study was carried out among the members of the Herttoniemi Food Co-operative. This urban farm in an applied version of the CSA. The theoretical framework of this study consists of the concept of everyday life management of Liisa Haverinen (1996) and of the previous studies on CSA. Data and methods: This study is a qualitative study. The research data was collected by means of three focus group discussions. There were 16 Herttoniemi Food Co-operative members participating in total. The data was analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results and discussion: The results showed that the membership of the food co-operative has many kinds of effects on the everyday life. In cooking, the members tended to be more creative, open-minded and inventive. Cooking from scratch increased. The time used for cooking seemed to increase. The members used vegetables in greater quantity and with more versatility than before. The members' skills in vegetable processing and recognition developed. Further, the membership did improve knowledge of the food chain in general and members' food literacy. In families with children the membership had a special educational focus. Local food, also organic food in some families, and the knowledge of the origin of food seemed to improve satisfaction of life. The membership had increased the valuing of food generally. It appears that the membership of food co-operative has extensive effects on the members' everyday life. It seems that implementing one's own values in food supply will increase satisfaction in everyday life. The membership is likely to increase ethical reflection related to food choices.

Previous studies show that forming a relationship and living together converge eating habits and practices. Sharing meals together symbolizes care and the cohesion of family members. In addition to the ideas of sharing and togetherness, relationships also encompass gender-based food-related expectations and potentially unequal division of labour. The meanings food gains at homes and factors related to food choices and division of labour are less considered in food consumption and time use statistics. In this study, I will examine meanings of food and food negotiations in a new relationship. The study analyses the views of couples on their dynamics in the field of food decisions and practices, thus increasing understanding of the spouses’ food relationship, alongside the romantic relationship. The material of the qualitative research consists of half-structured thematic interviews of five heterosexual couples. A total of ten persons were interviewed individually. The interviewees were 18–52 years old. The material was analysed by means of a category analysis. Interviewees felt that the new relationship had affected their eating habits and reported some dietary convergence. However, men and women reported partly dissimilar changes. The ma-terial consisted of five categories describing the justifications given for decisions of joint meals. To describe the food roles of the couples, the material also included a category pair: a food director and a spouse. All in all, men described their cooking in hobby terms while women tended to restrict their eating. Male food directors accentuated the pleasure of eating and cooking. Female food directors brought out a variety of food ideologies and occasionally perceived everyday cooking as a burden. Sharing food work was appreciated, either as an occurring practice or as a wish. As a key conclusion, it can be said that in a new relationship, the role of food and food practices will be emphasized and they will gain meanings of pleasure and restriction, individuality and connection as well as power and responsibility. The food directorship partly follows and partly challenges the genders’ relationship to food and food practice. The satisfying division of food labour is not only a matter of time spent, but of sharing the work burden and the restrictive nature of domestic work.

Aims. The goal of the research is to open the differences between Swedish speaking and Finnish speaking kindergartengroups and their quality. The aim of the study is to find out whether there are differences in Swedish speaking and Finnish speaking kindergarten groups. Previous studies have shown that learning environments affect on the child's motivation, the way the child commits to the task and the child's performance. The quality of the classroom environment also affects on the child's well-being and development. Data and methods. A quantitative study consisted of Swedish speaking kindergarten groups (N=48) and Finnish speaking kindergarten groups (N=38). The survey consisted of respondents from Finland (N=86). The analysis was done with the SPSS-software and included examination of t-tests. The results were compared between language groups. The results and discussion. The learning environments were of better quality in Finnish speaking kindergartens. The arrangements of the environment had more quality in Finnish speaking kindergartens. The differences between Finnish speaking and Swedish speaking kindergartens were statistically significant (p<.03). Differences between Finnish speaking and Swedish speaking kindergartens were statistically significant (p<.00) in activity and transitions. Finnish speaking kindergartens also had better quality in classroom activities (p<.00). Finnish speaking kindergartens exceeded the Swedish speaking kindergartens in instructing the child's behavior (p<.00). The early childhood care takers ways to plan the work was also of better quality in Finnish speaking kindergartens as opposed to Swedish speaking kindergartens. The results were statistically significant (p<.04) The need of more research is obvious, because of the lack of studies about Swedish speaking early childhood education. The results also raised some ideas for further study, for example a study about the administrative differences between Finnish speaking and Swedish speaking early childhood education.

Aims The aims of this thesis were to examine the audience feedback given during the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics regarding ice hockey commentator Kaj Kunnas. Yle received an unprecedented amount of feedback about Kunnas via e-mail. Sports commentators have a significant role in sports broadcasting considering the viewing experience of spectators. The aim of this study was to form a view of the issues about Kunnas that existed in the audience feedback. Methods The thesis was conducted as a qualitative study. The original data was collected from the entire mass of audience feedback regarding all sports commentators in the Yle TV broadcasts during the Sochi Winter Olympics. The final research data that was used in the thesis consisted of 213 critical and reasoned, individual feedback that focused on the sports commentating of Kaj Kunnas. The 213 individual feedbacks were analyzed with an inductive content analysis method, using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program. Results and conclusions The results consisted of five subjects that described the themes within the critical audience feedback regarding Kaj Kunnas. The subjects are: 1. Speech and voice control, 2. Spoken language, 3. Knowledge about ice hockey, 4. Concentration, 5. Individual personality. These topics reflect the expectations of the public considering ice hockey broadcasts. They also reflect how the commentator should take account of the public viewpoint. The results of this study can be applied to the field of education, as well as a basis for further studies.

The objective of the study was to explore the dimensions of group identity in the guilds of World of Warcraft. Previous research shows that social interaction has an important role in playing games for many players. Social identities are an important aspect of self-concept and since group related cues are more salient than personal clues in computer-mediated communication, the social gaming experience was approached through group identity. In the study a new scale will be developed to measure the group identity in games. Secondary goal is to study how different guild attributes affect the group identity and third goal is to explore the connection between group identity and gaming experience and amount of play. Subjects were 1203 guild members and 106 players not in a guild. The data was gathered by an Internet survey which measured group identity with nine scales, gaming experience with three scales and guild attributes with four scales. Also various background data was gathered. The construct of group identity was analyzed with explorative factor analysis. The typical experiences of group identity was analyzed with cluster analysis and effects of guild attributes with multivariate analysis of covariance. As a result of the study a new scale was developed which measured group identity on six dimensions: self-stereotyping, public and private evaluation, importance, interconnection of self and others and awareness of content. Group identity was experienced strongest in elder middle-sized guilds that had formal rules and that emphasized social interaction. The players with strong group identity had more positive gaming experience and played World of Warcraft more per week than the players who were not in a guild or identified to guild weakly. This result encourages game developers to produce environments that enhance group identity as it seems to increase the enjoyment in games. As a whole this study proposes that group identity in guilds is constructed from the same elements as in traditional groups. If this is truly the case, guild membership may have similar positive effects on individual's mental well-being as traditional positively evaluated group memberships have.

Aim: The voice is an important part of group fitness instructors' work. Yet, the working conditions of group fitness instructors are vocally challenging due to acoustics, air conditioning, background noise and physical strain. Voice problems of group fitness instructors are quite briefly researched, but some studies show that these problems are common within this industry. The aim of this study is to find out what kind of voice symptoms occur among group fitness instructors, how often they occur, and also how many instructors have vocal symptoms. In addition it studies how the symptoms are felt to influence on individuals functioning and if there is a connection between the symptoms and the handicap caused by them. Methods: The material was gathered using an electrical survey and formed by answers of 276 group fitness instructors. All the subjects worked as group fitness instructors at least once a week. The survey had three parts: basic knowledge form, vocal symptom survey of seven symptoms and Voice Activity and Participation Profile. The material was analysed using statistical methods on program IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Statistical testing was made using nonparametrical tests. Frequencies, percentages and characteristics were calculated. Subjects were divided in two groups depending on whether they had two or more symptoms daily or weekly, or less than that. Results and conclusions: Almost two out of three of the respondents had at least one voice symptom weekly. About half of the subjects had two or more symptoms weekly or more often, which is considered as a severe amount. Voice getting strained, tired and hoarse were the most common voice symptoms. The effect of the voice problem on functioning were considered mild. However, the amount and rate of symptoms had a linear effect on functioning and wellbeing. Also, the subjects who had two or more symptoms daily or weekly were more restricted on their functioning. Vocal training received by group fitness instructors was thin. It could be beneficial to add aspects of vocal ergonomics on group fitness instructors' training and work.

This research’s purpose is to find out what four different class teachers are thinking about grouping in school classes and how important does the teachers see the grouping. Grouping is relevant part of class teacher’s job. This research started when I started to think why there is so big difference in behaviour in school classes. I started to think could it be about doing or not to do grouping in school class. That is the reason why I wanted to find out how class teachers which have experience about grouping sees importance of grouping This research is about four class teacher’s thoughts about grouping. I interviewed these teachers because they wanted to participate this research which was about grouping. This research was a case study research. My research’s meaning was to focus in four different class teacher’s thoughts about grouping in school class. I collected the data by interviewing these teachers. I analysed the data and made themes from it. The teachers who participated the research thought that grouping is very important thing in schools. They think that grouping effects on how students feel about themselves in school and as part of a group. The teachers used quite similar methods on grouping and they thought that grouping is more than students just getting to know each others. Grouping is large phenomenon, which effects on students but also to whole school and students free time also. Grouping requires a lot from teacher but when it is done well it makes the teachers job a little easier.