Browsing by Subject "depression"
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Associations of early life stress, late adulthood quality of life and depression on DNAm age in men (2016)Goals As the proportion of the elderly population increases, studying biomarkers of cellular aging have become an important focus of research. However, these risk factors of age-related diseases have been difficult to identify. Recently an estimator of cellular aging, based on DNA methylation levels, the DNAm age, has been developed, and it has been linked to risk for both greater mortality and physical and mental health diseases. Effects of early life stress and later health on DNAm age have not yet been studied together. We set out to study, if early life stress and later quality of life and depression each separately or in combination associate with DNAm age. Methods The participants comprised Finnish males, of which 83 were separated from their families during the World War 2, and 83 non-separated controls belonging to the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Genome-wide methylation profiles, Rand-36 quality of life and BDI-1 depression inventory were assessed during years 2001-2004. DNAm age was estimated using the Horvath procedure. Associations of separation status, Rand-36 scores and BDI scores on DNAm age were studied with linear regression after adjusting for chronological age, cell type counts, tobacco smoking and frequency of alcohol consumption. Results and conclusions The separation status did not associate with the DNAm age. The Rand-36 Bodily Pain –scale associated differently with DNAm age in the separated group compared to the non-separated group. In analyses stratified for separation status, mild-severe depressive symptoms associated with lower DNAm age in the separated group. Similarly, lower quality of life on Rand-36 Role Functioning-scale and Emotional and Role Functioning Physical -scale associated with lower DNAm age in the separated group. Results are in line with previous studies, which have shown that early life stress doesn't associate with the DNAm age, but the cumulative total life stress and later adulthood diseases do associate with the DNAm age. This study brings novel information of the associations of early life stress and later depression symptomatology and psychosocial quality of life on the DNAm age, and suggests the early life stress and later depression and poorer psychosocial quality of life to have a cumulative effect on the DNAm age. More studies and longitudinal follow-up is needed to clarify the role of DNAm age as a biomarker of cellular aging, especially when examining the effects of early life stress exposure and later health together.
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(2014)Aims: In earlier research it has been found that music can elicit strong emotional responses, and that mood affects the way they are processed. The brain basis of musical emotions has however been studied less than that of facial emotions. Also, there have been no studies on how depressed mood affects musical emotions in the brain. In the present study, both the effect of depressed mood state and that of depressive disorder on neural processing of musical emotions is studied. The aim is to identify brain regions affected, and to model the effective connectivity between these regions and the impact of depressed mood state and depressive disorder on this system. Methods: A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment was conducted, in which 56 adult subjects listened to emotional (happy, sad, and fearful) music. The experiment consisted of two conditions: in the implicit condition the subjects were asked how many instruments were playing, and in the explicit which of the three emotions best characterised the musical excerpt. The subjects also completed the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). The behavioural and imaging data were analysed both within the general linear model (GLM) to identify affected brain regions and the dynamic causal modelling (DCM) framework to model how sensory inputs enter the brain system and how experimental conditions modulate connections between specified brain regions. Results and conclusions: The subjects were mostly not clinically depressed (76%) and the MADRS scores were not correlated with neural activity in the brain. The POMS Depression scale was however associated with attenuated activity in the right posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) while listening to happy and fearful music under the implicit condition. As PCC has been associated with internally directed cognition and the management of brain's attention networks, this attenuation is likely to reflect the incongruence between stimuli and mood state, which would result in increased attention and/or a decrease in explorative cognitive activity. Comparisons of DCM models consisting of PCC, superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the amygdala indicated that auditory stimuli enter into this system via the auditory cortex in STG. The analyses could not determine whether the emotional content of the stimuli modulates connectivity between these regions, but MADRS and POMS scores were associated with amygdala connectivity. This is in line with the view that depressive disorder disrupts the amygdala's role in orienting to affective information.
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(2014)In this study I examine how textiles were patched and darned in Finland from the 1920s to the 1960s, and how changes in everyday life affected it. Modernization, the following of fashion and the rise of ready-made clothes industry in the 1920s declined into a shortage of textiles and a demand on self-sufficiency during the war years in the 1940s. After the war clothes were bought ready from shops and their value related to people's assets was reduced. Alike, people's attitudes towards textiles and mending them changed. The data for my study consisted of articles from Kotiliesi, Omin käsin and Emäntälehti from 1924 to 1959, contemporary guidebooks from 1920 to 1966 and craft teacher students' samples and notebooks from the the 1920s to the 1940s. In addition I interviewed four women who were born between the years 1918 and 1938, three orally and one with written questionnaire. Because mending textiles has hardly been studied in previous research, I needed to gather the information from many sources. I used different qualitative data analysis and discourse analysis methods to put together pieces of the story. In the 1920s and the 1930s mending textiles was considered almost a platitude. Especially in the countryside the majority of clothes and home textiles were self-made or made to order, although in the cities ready-made clothes could already be purchased. The value of a single cloth was considerable and because of that a lot of time was spent on mending it and different instructions how to darn by hand or with a sewing machine were published in women's magazines and contemporary guidebooks. New textiles were hard to purchase during the depression caused by the Winter War and the Continuation War, therefore good care had to be taken of the textiles already found from homes. Instructions and articles focused especially on advices on how to patch socks. After the war mending of textiles was often emotionally connected to the shortage of the wartime and the amount of mending instructions given in women's magazines decreased. New type of nylon socks reduced the need to darn and patch them, but Kotiliesi still published articles on how to mend different types of clothes, though the instructions were directed to skillful light-fingered women. Publishing articles about mending in women's magazines ended in the 1950s, but the women I interviewed told that they have continued mending until present-day. At the end of my study I consider why mending is still current in the 21st century.
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(2016)Depression is a phenomenon determined by multiple factors and it can be conceptualized both from psychological and physiological point of view. Psychological and physiological risk factors form a vulnerability that predispose to depression. The purpose of this study was to research the relationship between the psychological risk factors of depression and physiological stress reactivity. Cloninger's temperament trait harm-avoidance (Temperament and Character Inventory) and tendency for ruminative thinking (Self-rumination Scale) were used as psychological risk factors in this study. The physiological stress reactivity was measured by the individual differences in the heart rate variability. 58 women were invited to laboratory based on the earlier web-based study (n=588). In laboratory the women answer to self-report questionnaires and their EKG was measured under a stressful task. Study found a statistically significant association between psychological risk factors of depression and physiological stress reactivity. Psychological risk factors of depression constituted a whole that predicted physiological stress reactivity in a specific experimental setting in a statistically significant way. The results of this study can be used as a foundation for the development of more effective medical interventions and psychotherapies, and for the development of more specific categorization of depressive subcategories.
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(2022)The purpose of this study is to find out in what ways mothers experience that the coronavirus pandemic has affected the interaction with their youngest child. I also wish to contribute to early childhood education by finding out how we can support children with an insecure, but organized, and disorganized attachment style and to find out in what type of way the parents wish to receive support in their parenting. Earlier studies show that the parent´s sensitive intonation to the child affects its security, the ability to regulate emotions, and the relationship with the parent. This is called attachment. Children with inadequate attachment to their mothers have a higher risk of developing depression-like symptoms. The child´s ability to mentalize develops in relation to the parent and is a prerequisite for the child to develop empathy and compassion. Children with a secure attachment style have a better ability for mentalization during childhood. The material for this study was collected through semi-structured interviews with seven mothers whose youngest child was born in the year 2020. The material was analyzed inductively based on qualitative content analysis. The results showed that the mothers believed that the coronavirus pandemic had isolated them from their everyday life. They felt more tired, more irritated, and had been forced into more flexibility than before. The mothers hadn´t felt alone despite the coronavirus pandemic since their partners had teleworked from home. Three of the interviewed mothers had regular contact with a psychologist or a psychotherapist during their pregnancy. Two of them had continued their therapy after the childbirth. One of the interviewed mothers showed indications of depression. All mothers described their relationship with their newborns and how their interaction took place during everyday life during the coronavirus pandemic. Five of the mothers showed indications of a secure attachment style and two of the mothers showed indications of flaws in their attachment relationship to their newborn. The mothers´ foremost expectation of the day-care staff was trustful and open communication, support in their parenting, and the supporting of their children´s social relations. To support the parents and the children´s interaction, it would be desirable that the daycare staff and the staff at the child health guidance clinics were educated according to the mentalization guide.
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(2015)Depression has a tendency to be transmitted from parents to their children. Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development of depressive symptoms, but the mechanisms in the intergenerational transmission of depression are still largely unknown. It has been suggested that one possible pathway in the intergenerational transmission of depression risk might be interplay between genetic and environmental factors, so that the individual's genetic makeup might alter his/her sensitivity to the effects of adverse environmental circumstances. Because several psychiatric disorders have been indicated to stem partially from the same genetic background, it is possible that in addition to parental depression, other parental mental disorders might also increase the risk of depression in offspring. In the present study, I studied whether parental history of psychopathology is associated with offspring depression and whether stressful life events have different consequences on the children with and without parental history of psychiatric disorders. In the present study, the data from the ongoing prospective study of Young Finns was used (n=2428). At the baseline in 1980, the participants(offspring) were derived from six different age cohorts. The participants' age range was 3-18 years at that time. Parental history of psychopathology was assessed in 1980 and 1983, and stressful life events (move, school change, parental death, parental divorce) were assessed in 1980. Offspring depressive symptoms were measured in 1992, 1997, 2001, 2007 and 2012 using Beck Depression Inventory. The association between parental psychopathology and offspring depression and the effect of stressful life events on this relationship was examined using multilevel regression modeling. This made it possible to examine the developmental trajectories of offspring depression. Parental history of psychopathology was associated with higher depression level in offspring, but it had no effect on the age-related trajectories of offspring depression. Parental psychopathology seemed to create a long-term risk of offspring depression but it did not expose the children to adverse developmental course of depressive symptoms. The children with parental history of psychopathology were not more sensitive to stressful life events compared with the children whose parents had not suffered from psychiatric disorders. However, it has to be taken into account that single stressful experiences may not represent a stressful environment very well.
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(2012)The main purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the craft instructions of a Finnish craft magazine Omin käsin during the years 1938 1952. The Second World War had caused serious depression in Finland, which caused also lack of textile material. Textile shortage forced people to develop various creative ways of coping. The textile shortage lasted for several years after the war. My goal was to study how the period of shortage appears in the craft magazine. My research material consisted of 327 craft instructions. The perspective of the study is historical and my method is qualitative content analysis. I confined the craft instructions based on how the period of shortage appears in them. I arranged them in tabulated form and categorized the instructions. Creating theoretical concepts actualizes in the naming of the categories and in the analysis of the significance of craft during the period. I categorized the instructions into five different categories: making something new using old material, repairing and taking care of clothes, substitute materials, scarce materials, homespun and home woven materials. I also analyzed the appearance of the instructions during the years of shortage. The demanding process of categorizing laid the groundwork for the analysis of the significance of craft during the period of shortage. Studying craft during an exceptional period of time, as the period of textile shortage, offers new perspectives in studying the meanings of craft. Although home craft was an indispensable part of household work and thus economical, in the magazine Omin käsin appears also aesthetic, therapeutic and social meanings of crafts. Crafts were not only a material way of coping, but it also brought people together and was a mental support during hard times. No doubt, only browsing through the innovative instructions of the magazine gave self-confidence and hope of coping. The lack of material set restrictions which forced to develop creative solutions and new innovations. For a short period of time, it stopped the fast progress industrialization, and working by hand was once again widely valued. Domestic materials were complimented and developed diversely. The period of shortage left its own imprint on Finnish crafts.
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(2016)Aims. Attachment has been linked to children's psychiatric symptoms. However, only a few studies have focused on parental attachment towards the child. Most studies have focused on parent's general attachment representations, which do not address the parental subjective attachment to their child. The aim of this study is to examine whether parental subjective attachment towards the child is associated with child's internalizing and externalizing symptoms and total problems. We also examine whether maternal or paternal depression, child temperament or gender affect the aforementioned associations. Methods. This study is a part of Prediction and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia (PREDO) – study. The size of the current study sample was 2021 mothers and 1273 fathers and their children. Maternal and paternal attachment were assessed with the Maternal/Paternal Postnatal Attachment Scale (MPAS/PPAS) – self report questionnaire when the child was six months old. Child's internalizing, externalizing and total problems were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 (CBCL1½-5) – questionnaire when the child was 1.5 to 5 years old. The associations were investigated using linear regression analysis, controlling for maternal or paternal attachment and several sociodemographic factors related to the child and parents. Results and conclusions. Results indicated that secure maternal and paternal attachment was associated with less internalizing, externalizing and total problems in children. Parental depression and child's temperamental traits mediated the association of parental attachment and child's psychiatric symptoms. Maternal attachment was also independently associated with child's psychiatric symptoms. An interaction effect was found between maternal attachment and child's negative emotionality in relation to child's total problems: insecure maternal attachment and child's high negative emotionality were associated with more total problems in childhood. These results provide evidence that both parents' subjective attachment is related to child's psychiatric symptoms, and also highlight the significance of child's temperament in the development of psychiatric symptoms.
Now showing items 1-8 of 8