Browsing by Subject "facial muscles"

Objectives. Narcissism is a concept often used in everyday language to signify an overly positive self-image, but as a scientific term, it has multiple layers. There are many different disciplines studying narcissism, and recently the recognition of two phenotypic dimensions of narcissism has emerged. The two different dimensions of narcissism are an overt grandiose side and a covert vulnerable side. The most widely used measure of trait narcissism is the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), a self-report questionnaire measuring non-pathological narcissism. Even though the measure has been proved useful, self-reports are sensitive to self-enhancing bias, a central characteristic of narcissism. This has led to research based on methods measuring implicit responses, including physiological reactions that are difficult to hide. Research has already found an indication of a differing physiological reactivity to psychosocial stress, such as social evaluation, in individuals with high trait narcissism. The current study used measures of heart rate and facial muscle activity to measure changes during a negative evaluation, changes that can reflect hidden emotions. In addition, self-reports were used to measure explicit emotional responses to the evaluation and to measure trait narcissism. The aim was to examine whether people scoring high in trait narcissism had different physiological and self-reported emotional reactions to negative social evaluation than those scoring low in trait narcissism. Methods. The study sample consisted of students from different universities in the Helsinki metropolitan area. The final sample included 52 participants, of which 63.2% were women, and the mean age was 27.16 years. The research followed a one-way repeated measures design, with feedback (negative vs. neutral) as a factor. All participants received both negative and neutral feedback from successive memory tasks. Prior to the lab session, participants had answered an e-form, including background information and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). During the lab session, participants’ emotional states were measured with self-reports (subjective estimates on memory task performances, emotional reactions checklist, and Self-Assessment Manakin [SAM] including the emotional states valence, arousal, and dominance), and different physiological measures (heart rate with electrocardiography [ECG] and facial muscles zygomaticus major, orbicularis oculi, and corrugator supercilii with facial electromyography [EMG]). The data was analysed with paired samples t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and multilevel (hierarchical) linear modeling (MLM). Results and conclusions. Negative feedback predicted more negative self-reported emotional valence and lower dominance, independent of trait narcissism. As for the physiological measures, negative feedback predicted lower heart rate and higher activity in the face muscle corrugator supercilii (CS), which is thought to reflect negative emotions. The physiological reactions were also independent of trait narcissism. However, trait narcissism predicted higher activity in CS despite the nature of the feedback. In conclusion, individuals with prominent narcissistic traits differed from those with non-prominent traits in only one aspect; they had an overall heightened activity in CS when being evaluated. On the other hand, previous research has also found CS activity to be associated with heightened attention, therefore an overall vigilance for self-related information could be an alternative explanation for the reaction of individuals with high trait narcissism. The results partially support the earlier discoveries of people with prominent narcissistic traits reacting with a heightened physiological responsiveness and vigilance to situations potentially threatening their self-view. However, the reactivity could also reflect alertness to all kind of self-relevant feedback, not just self-threatening information. The NPI used in the current study is thought to reflect more the grandiose dimension, and future research should therefore investigate emotional responses to self-threatening information in vulnerable narcissists. Also, further research on attentive processes in trait narcissism, both grandiose and vulnerable dimensions, are needed.