Browsing by Subject "uhka"
Now showing items 1-2 of 2
-
(2022)The aim of the study. Subjective time perception is prone to distortions, and one of the factors affecting it is a person's emotional state. Anticipation of unpleasant and threatening situations is of particular importance for coping. Previous research on the relationship between anticipation of unpleasant situations and perceived duration has shown conflicting results. Moreover, the experimental designs have been inadequate. The present study examines the effect of anticipating an unpleasant image and individual anxiety tendency on duration perception. The results are discussed in relation to the attentional gate model, which suggests that the influence of emotionality on perceived duration may be mediated through arousal or attentional allocation. Methods. Subjects (n=39) completed a temporal discrimination task in which the duration of a neutral visual cue stimulus was compared to previously learned short and long comparison durations. The colour of the stimulus indicated whether or not it was followed by an unpleasant image. The experiment consisted of three experimental conditions: (1) an unpleasant image was not anticipated nor presented, (2) an unpleasant image was anticipated but not presented, and (3) an unpleasant image was anticipated and presented. Psychometric functions were generated from the responses to obtain the points of subjective equality. The point refers to a duration that the person cannot distinguish as short or long. The effect of anticipating an unpleasant image and individual self-reported anxiety tendency on the points of subjective equality was analysed using multilevel linear modelling. Results. Anticipation of an unpleasant image led to longer perceived duration. Those reporting more anxiety perceived the duration of the cue stimulus to be longer than those reporting less anxiety. However, anxiety tendency did not moderate the effect of unpleasant image anticipation on perceived duration. Conclusions. Interpreted according to the attentional gate model, the perception of time passing slower is explained by arousal induced by the anticipation of an unpleasant situation, which speeds up the internal clock. In addition, anxious individuals are more aroused during anticipation, which is why they perceive time to pass more slowly than others. The role of attention in the relationship between anticipation of an unpleasant situation and duration perception seems to be more pronounced in situations where the threat is more biologically significant.
-
(2018)Objective. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between fear and anxiety, and political attitudes. It has been suggested that individual differences in political ideology stem from differences in threat sensitivity and that conservative political ideology acts as a defence mechanism against psychological threats. There is tentative evidence from previous studies that from different threat reactions fear specifically but not anxiety influences political attitudes. It is also unclear whether threat is connected to political ideology more broadly or just attitudes concerning some political matters. In this study I assess whether anxiety disorder symptoms that reflect differences is fearfulness and anxiety predict different political attitudes. Methods. The sample of this study consisted of 5,819 people born in Great Britain in 1958. Symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, and panic were assessed at the age of 44, and opinions about political issues six years later. Exploratory factor analysis was used to assess how political opinions were structured into different attitude dimensions, and seven broader political attitudes were formed based on this. Finally, a path model was used to assess whether anxiety disorder symptoms predicted political attitudes. Results and discussion. The anxiety disorder symptoms predicted attitudes towards economic inequality and preservation of the environment. More specifically, those with more generalized anxiety disorder symptoms were more concerned about environmental issues and those with more phobic symptoms were more concerned about economic inequality. This difference between generalized anxiety disorder and phobias might be explained by the fact that the former is connected with anxiousness whereas the latter reflects fearfulness. The results support the notion that fear and anxiety are differently connected to political attitudes. They also call into question threat reactions’ connection with political ideology more broadly.
Now showing items 1-2 of 2