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  • Widianarko, Clara Stella Renata (2021)
    Oat β-glucan is a non-starch polysaccharide, and it is well-known that oat β-glucan provides physiological functionalities, such as reducing glycemic response. It is proposed that the reduction of glycemic response is due to the elevation of digesta’s viscosity in the intestinal tract, which is attributed to the viscosity generated by β-glucan. An increase in viscosity of digesta is assumed to hinder starch digestion, thus reducing glucose absorption. However, it is not known whether viscous β-glucan or β-glucan gel causes such physiological responses. Thus, the aim of this Master’s thesis was to study the effects of viscous β-glucan on in vitro starch digestion. The in vitro starch digestibility method was adjusted to suit the viscous β-glucan. The hypothesis was that sample containing oat β-glucan would hinder starch hydrolysis compared to the sample without oat β-glucan. Viscosity and viscoelasticity of wheat starch were analyzed to ensure that the concentration of the wheat starch used was appropriate for the study. The viscosities of oat β-glucan solutions at different concentrations were also measured. The in vitro starch digestibility result was evaluated by measuring the concentration of starch hydrolysis product. Viscosity and viscoelasticity tests of wheat starch showed that 4% wheat starch was suitable in the starch digestibility study. The viscosities of various concentrations of oat β-glucan exhibited pseudoplastic flow behavior. In vitro starch digestibility showed that oat β-glucan slowed down the starch hydrolysis. Calcium contained in oat β-glucan was found to enhance the activity of α-amylase, resulting in a higher concentration of the starch hydrolysis product. 2160 µg/g Ca2+ was added to all samples in order to compensate for different Ca2+ concentrations in each sample. The maximum Ca2+ concentration that 1 U α-amylase could utilize was 98 µg/g Ca2+. The results of this study confirmed that the viscous oat β-glucan hindered the starch digestibility compared to the sample without oat β-glucan and calcium ions played a role in starch digestibility.
  • Wang, Yu (2017)
    Dextrans are polysaccharides and mainly produced from lactic acid bacteria, which have great values in industrial applications. Dextrans with different molar mass and branches have different applications. In this thesis, the effects of different reaction factors on the molar mass and composites of dextrans had been studied. Weissella confusa VTT E-90392 dextransucrase was used to synthesize dextran with sucrose as substrates. The effects of sucrose concentration, enzyme concentration, reaction time, temperature and pH on dextran macromolecular properties were detected. Sucrose concentration, enzyme concentration and reaction time were selected as the most influential factors for the subsequent response surface modeling to analyze how they affect dextran properties, according to experimental design. 18 reaction conditions were conducted and the product mixtures containing dextran were analyzed by HPSEC. The effects of the three reaction factors on dextran production were also studied. The predictive contour plot showed that dextran conversion was positively proportional to the enzyme concentration and increased in the early stage, but decreased in the late stage. In the preliminary study of the effects of various factors on dextran profile, two or three main dextran size populations eluting at different volumes were found in HPSEC analysis. The 1st dextran size population (eluted around 10.5 ml) had the highest Mw ranging from 7 × 107 to 2 × 108 g/mol. The 2nd dextran size population (eluted at around 12.5 ml) had Mw ranging from 2 × 107 to 4×107 g/mol. Besides, there seemed to be a 3rd dextran size populations (eluted at 16.2 ml to 17.5 ml) and the Mw was within the widest range (5 × 106 g/mol to 1.3 × 107 g/mol).We kept the samples' 4 factors constant and one factor changed and compared the effect of each factor. Under conditions: low sucrose, dextransucrase concentration, low temperature, low pH or short reaction time, the amount of the 2nd dextran size population was in equal or higher amount than the 1st one and 3rd one hardly appeared. On the contrary, the 1st size population became predominant over 2nd one, and the 3rd one started to form. In the modeling experiments, the overall effects of reaction time, sucrose concentration and enzyme concentration on the molar mass and amounts of different dextran size populations were studied. In our study, as the sucrose and enzyme concentration increased, the 2nd dextran size population decreased. The amount of 3rd one was positively proportional to the sucrose and enzyme concentrations. At the early stage of reaction, the amount of 3rd one was positively proportional to the reaction time, but the amount of 3rd one was negatively proportional to the reaction time. We hypothesize that as the reaction proceeds, 2nd dextran size population can be elongated into the 1st population. It was not clear whether the 2nd dextran size population could combine with themselves to form 1st one (internal insertion) or the 2nd one could only be inserted with D-glucosyl units one by one (external insertion). At the end of synthesis, dextran can be degraded possibly by hydrolyzing D-glucosyl units externally, because there should be more than 3 dextran populations if the dextran was internally broken. Based on the above results, it might give some new clue about the process of dextran synthesis and the way the dextran was hydrolyzed.
  • Hou, Yaxi (2014)
    Non-digestible oligosaccharides possess important physicochemical and physiological properties. They have gained great attention because of their potential prebiotic properties. The oligosaccharides have wide food industrial applications as dietary fibers, sweeteners, humectants, and possible weight controlling agents. In this thesis, cloned Weissella confusa VTT E-90392 dextransucrase was used to catalyze the synthesis of oligosaccharides (acceptor products) by acceptor reaction, when sucrose was the glucosyl unit donor. Maltose acceptor reaction was selected to analyze the effects of the concentrations of sucrose and maltose, as well as the dosages of dextransucrase on maltose acceptor products. Other acceptor reactions were also evaluated, with primary lactose and cellobiose acceptor products being purified and partially characterized by MS/MS. Concentrations of sucrose and maltose, as well as their interactions were the most important factors regarding isomalto-oligosaccharides production. The production of overall oligosaccharides could be increased by increasing sucrose and maltose concentrations. Lactose, cellobiose, other disaccharides and trisaccharides could be acceptors for W. consufa dextransucrase. In combination with the structures from previous publications, 2-a-Dglucopyranosyl-cellobiose and 2-a-D-glucopyranosyl-lactose were probably the primary products for cellobiose and lactose, although one trisaccharide synthesized by lactose acceptor reaction remains unknown. In order to verify the characterization, NMR spectroscopic analysis is needed for further study. In conclusion, W. consufa dextransucrase is capable of catalyzing oligosaccharides synthesis, and acceptor reactions would be promising methods in producing prebiotic oligosaccharides.
  • Kuitunen, Aino (2013)
    The City of Helsinki relies strongly on the use of fossil fuels as its main energy source. Coal power with high level of emissions covers one third of the city’s energy production. To mitigate the effects of climate change, the city should stop using coal and replace it with the use of renewable energy. The goal of this thesis is to find a way for Helsinki to replace coal by 2030 with energy efficiency improvements and distributed renewable energy. Thesis was an assignment from WWF Finland and it is a part of urban energy campaign called Seize your Power. First of all, the local circumstances have to be understood. This gives a basis to Geothermal Scenario that is formed to replace coal. First step of the Scenario is to reduce the demand of coal power by energy efficiency improvements in buildings. Next, a set of locally functional renewable energy sources is formed based on decreased demand. Main energy source of the Scenario is geothermal energy but also biomass,solar and wind power are utilized. The Geothermal Scenario is then evaluated with costbenefit analysis. Results of Cost-Benefit Analysis show that the net present value (NPV) is negative in short, medium, and long term. The values vary between -200 million and circa -3 billion euros. In the sensitivity analysis, the effects of the changes in prices of emission permit, coal, and bio-SNG as well as discount rate were estimated. The length of time horizon had a huge impact on the results. Non-market values were not included in the analysis.
  • Tallberg, Hanna (2018)
    Background: The role of parents in the development of children’s long term eating patterns and food preferences is significant. Although the role of fathers in child upbringing is known to have changed during the past decades, are studies conducted about the role of fathers in food parenting still lacking. Aims: The aim of this study is to increase knowledge about the role fathers have in food parenting and the factors that affect fathers’ food choice motives (FCMs) when making food choices for their children. We examined the nutrition knowledge of fathers, how much they participate in food parenting, what is the food choice motives for fathers when selecting foods for their child and are the importance of different motives explained by the studied factors. Material and methods: The empirical part of the study was conducted by a quantitative study method using a web questionnaire. The FCMs of 281 fathers of 2-6-year-old children was examined by a modified version of Steptoe’s et al. Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ). In addition, fathers reported how many times during a normal week they eat together with their children and how often they carry responsibility about the buying and/or preparation of food for their child. Fathers were also asked to answer 12 questions measuring their nutrition knowledge. The FCMs were conducted through principal component analysis. The relationships between variables were examined by non-parametric statistical tests, Spearman -correlation test and linear regression analysis. Results: Health, sensory amiability, nutrition quality and convenience were the key FCMs for fathers in this study. They ate together with their child in average 3 times a day. 77 % of the respondents answered that they carry often or always responsibility of the organization of food for their child. The averaged percentage of answers in line with the recommendations in the nutrition knowledge questions was 73 %. The higher education level was associated with a better nutrition knowledge. The higher importance of the health motive was associated with fathers younger age, living in the metropolitan region and the bigger participation in feeding of the child. The higher the fathers’ nutrition level was, the less their food choices for children was driven by what the child wanted and more by the nutrition level of the food. Conclusion: The fathers in this study are actively involved in the food parenting of children. The FCMs of fathers were for most part in line with previous studies conducted with parents and according to previous literature the FCMs of fathers in this study are supporting the development of healthy eating patterns of children. The causality of the association between nutrition knowledge and the child mood and wants -motive would be an important next step in examining if, by increasing fathers nutrition knowledge, it is possible to drive them into making healthier food choices for their children.
  • Laajalahti, Janne (2021)
    Traktorien nostolaitteen sivurajoittimia on yritetty hydraulisoida 1970-luvulta lähtien. Kiuruvetinen yritys Piippo Hydraulic on kehittänyt Farmiventtiili -nimisen erikoisventtiilin, joka kykenee ohjaamaan sivurajoittimia yhdessä ja erikseen. Lisäksi traktorin ohjausjärjestelmiä varten on kehitetty ISO 11783-standardi, jossa määritellään traktorin, työkoneiden ja niiden ohjainlaitteiden välinen väyläliikenne. Tämä mahdollistaa eri valmistajien laitteiden kytkemisen yhteen ja samaan ohjaus- sekä tietoväylään. Tässä maisterintutkielmassa tehtiin prototyyppi Farmiventtiilin ISOBUS-pohjaisesta ohjauksesta. Farmiventtiilin ohjaus toteutettiin Epec Oy:n toimittamalla ohjauslaitteella, Multitool-konfigurointiohjelmalla, CodeSys PLC-ohjelmointiympäristöllä sekä IsoDesigner-käyttöliittymän suunnitteluohjelmalla. Näillä työkaluilla suunniteltiin virtuaaliterminaalille käyttönäkymä, laitteen ECU:lle toimintalogiikka sekä 3D-tulostamisen avulla prototyyppiasteen monitoimiohjain. Laitteelle tehtiin myös valmius väyläpohjaiselle ohjaukselle traktorin oman tai muun valmistajan hallintalaitteiden kautta AUX-N -standardiosan mukaisesti. Prototyypissä testattiin myös nostolaitteen työntövarren, kallistajan ja sivurajoittimien anturointia ja siihen pohjautuvaa automatiikkaa. Lopputuloksena saatiin prototyyppiasteen ohjausjärjestelmä, jossa on toteutettu nämä toiminnallisuudet. Työn edetessä havaittiin, että sinällään yksinkertaiseen venttiiliin voidaan mahduttaa ohjelmoitavuuden ansiosta runsaasti sellaisia toiminnallisuuksia, joita yksinkertaisella analogiohjauksella ei voida saavuttaa. ISOBUS:ssa toimiva ohjausyksikkö kykenee toimimaan myös muiden venttiilijärjestelmien siltalaitteena, jos järjestelmää on laajennettava. ISOBUS:n avulla toteutettu ohjaus alentaa kustannuksia, kun omia ohjainlaitteita ja kaikkia antureita ei tarvita väylällä valmiiksi olevien laitteiden ansiosta.
  • Leminen, Mikko (2015)
    Tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää kirjallisuustutkimuksena ISOBUS-väylän hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia. Hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia etsittiin sekä peltotöidenteon aikaisista hyödyistä, että jälkikäteen työn analysoinnin hyödyistä sekä hyödyistä valmistauduttaessa seuraavaan työtapahtumaan ja seuraaviin vuosiin. Työn aikaiset hyödyt jakautuvat kahteen eri luokkaan. Sellaisiin, mistä on apua viljelijälle sekä työkoneen ja traktorin autonomisen toiminnan lisäämisen hyötyihin. Viljelijälle apua on mm. polttoaineenkulutusmittarista, joka näyttää reaaliaikaista polttoaineenkulutusta myös hehtaaria kohti, työkoneen toimintaa mittaavista anturitiedoista tai pienestä mutta tärkeästä asiasta eli työkoneen työtuntilaskuriin perustuvasta huoltomuistutuksista. Työkoneen ja traktorin autonomisuuden lisäämisellä on mahdollista tehdä jopa täysin ilman ihmistä toimiva traktori. Väylän avulla työkone voi ohjata traktoria mm. muuttamaan työnopeutta tai työsyvyyttä ja kun väylälle lisätään vielä GPS-ajouraopastin niin traktori osaa myös ohjata itseään pellon sisällä gps-paikkatiedon perusteella. Työn analysoinnissa väylän isoimmat hyödyt ovat tietojen siirtäminen suoraan tietokoneelle viljelykirjanpitoon, jolloin viljelijän ei tarvitse pitää paperisia muistiinpanoja työsuorituksista sekä analysoitavien tietojen määrän runsas kasvu. Viljelijä pystyy runsaan tietomäärän avulla kotonaan etsimään pellolta ongelmakohtia ja selvittämään johtuuko pellon vajavainen kasvu pellon huonosta kasvukunnosta vai viljelytoimenpiteistä. Tietokoneella pystyy myös valmistelemaan työtä tekemällä esimerkiksi paikkakohtaisen lannoituskartan esimerkiksi satokartan avulla tai määrittämällä ajourat pellolle niin, että pelto saadaan työstettyä mahdollisimman nopeasti ja tehokkaasti ilman päällekkäisajoa. Tietoja voi siirtää tietokoneelle ja sieltä takaisin väylälle joko reaaliaikaisesti mobiilidatan tai langattoman internetin avulla tai määräajoin laittamalla muistitikun väylälle ja siirtämällä tiedot sen avulla tietokoneelle. Väylän standardisointi on vielä kesken, mutta joka tapauksessa se mahdollistaa monipuolisen teknologian käytön ja hyödyt viljelyssä.
  • Kyhälä, Tanja (2019)
    Studies suggest that isolated impaired fasting glucose (iIFG) and isolated impaired glucose tolerance (iIGT) have distinct pathophysiologic phenotype, including differences in whole body insulin sensitivity. The present study was a sub-study of the PREVIEW intervention study, a three-year randomized trial in eight countries. Participants with either iIFG (n = 44) or iIGT (n = 38) who attended all clinical investigation days (0, 2, 6 and 12 months) in Sydney were included. Pre-diabetes as defined by the American Diabetes Association and BMI >25 were inclusion criteria. The aim was to determine if there was a difference in weight change between PREVIEW participants with iIGT or iIFG at any of the measurement points. In addition, we investigated if there were differences in change in fat mass, fat-free mass, HbA1c, blood lipids, insulin and C-peptide between participants with iIGT versus iIFG. A comparison of the mean changes showed that subjects with iIGT lost significantly less fat mass at 6 months than those with iIFG (-7.30, 95% CI [-8.89, -5.71] versus -9.57, 95% CI [-10.79, -8.35] kg, p = 0.027) and the difference remained significant (-6.30, 95% CI [-7.93, -4.67] versus -8.38, 95% CI [-10.99, -5.77] kg, p = 0.038) at 12 months. Furthermore, participants with iIGT regained fat (as fat %) at 12 months unlike participants with iIFG (-3.1, 95% CI [-4.08, -2.12] versus -4.9, 95% CI [-5.88, -3.92] %, p = 0.007). Reduction in HDL cholesterol was less in subjects with iIGT at 2 months than in those with iIFG (-0.08, 95% CI [-0.14, -0.02] versus -0.15, 95% CI [-0.21, -0.09] mmol/L, p = 0.011). Participants with iIGT lost less and regained more weight versus iIFG although the difference was not significant. No other changes were significant. In conclusion, the results support the hypothesis that participants with iIGT find it more difficult to lose fat mass and maintain the loss than those with iIFG. Studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine the explanation for the difference in fat loss between iIGT and iIFG categories. As weight loss, including fat loss, is the dominant determinant of the reduced risk of T2DM in lifestyle interventions, actions to develop optimal weight loss methods for patients with different pre-diabetic statuses should be taken.
  • Rahikainen, Jenni (2009)
    Environmental concerns and limited availability of fossil hydrocarbons have boosted the research of renewable feedstocks and their processing into fuels and chemicals. Currently, vast majority of transportation fuels and bulk chemicals are refined from crude oil, but renewable lignocellulosic plant biomass has long been recognised as potential feedstock for liquid fuel and chemical production. Several alternative processes exist for biomass refining, lignocellulose-to-ethanol process being among the most studied processes. First, lignocellulose is pretreated in order to deconstruct the recalcitrant structures of plant cell walls and expose cellulosic fibrils. Subsequently, biotechnical process utilises cellulolytic enzymes of fungal origin to depolymerise cellulose down to glucose monomers and oligomers. Monomeric sugars serve as a source for platform chemicals in further conversions. Lignocellulose consists mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. It is generally accepted that lignin has an inhibitory effect during enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and part of this effect is caused by irreversible cellulase adsorption on lignin. Fungal cellulase system consists of several enzyme components that contribute to the effective degradation of insoluble cellulosic substrate. Cellulases are traditionally divided to three groups according to enzymatic activity: exoglucanases, endoglucanases and ?-glucosidases. Different enzyme components are shown to have different affinity to lignin which enables screening or engineering of weak lignin-binding enzymes. However, too little is still known about enzyme-lignin interactions and competitive nature of enzyme binding on lignin. In this study, lignin-rich residues were isolated from steam pretreated spruce (SPS) using three different methods: enzymatic hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis and alkali extraction. Lignin residues were characterized and used in adsorption studies with commercial cellulase preparations from Trichoderma reesei (Celluclast 1.5L) and Aspergillus niger (Novozym 188). Enzyme activity measurements and protein analytics were employed to reveal competitive adsorption of cellulases and catalytic activity of solid-bound enzymes. Results showed that T. reesei enzymes had high affinity on lignocellulosic SPS and all SPS-derived lignins, but enzyme activity measurements revealed considerably divergent competitive adsorption patterns. Among all the isolated lignins, lignin-rich residue obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of SPS and subsequent protease purification was evaluated as most suited adsorption substrate for further adsorption studies and screening purposes. ?-glucosidases from T. reesei and A. niger were shown to have highly distinctive adsorption behaviour on the lignin-rich substrates: A. niger ?-glucosidase lacked affinity to lignin, whereas T. reesei ?-glucosidase adsorbed to all lignin-rich particles. Lignin-bound Trichoderma reesei endoglucanases and CBH I exoglucanase were shown to retained high activity towards soluble substrates used in activity measurements. On the contrary, same enzymes were unable to processively hydrolyze insoluble crystalline cellulose.
  • Pankka, Salla (2023)
    The objective of this thesis was to isolate and characterize new bacteriophages (phages) against clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae strains for phage therapy. K. pneumoniae is causing an emerging threat to global health due to its broad antibiotic resistance profile and hypervirulent strains. New treatment options are urgently needed to defeat the crisis. Phage therapy could provide one option to treat multiresistant K. pneumoniae infections. In this thesis, five new phages were isolated and characterized from Finnish wastewater and Georgian river water against two clinical K. pneumoniae strains. The three phages from Georgian river water, fMtkKpn01, fMtkKpn03, and fMtkKpn04, resembled Drulisviruses based on phylogenetic analysis. The two phages from Finnish wastewater, fJoKpn03 and fJoKpn05 were phylogenetically distinct. fJoKpn03 couldn’t be classified. fJoKpn05 resembled Weberviruses. Based on sequence analysis, none of the phage genomes included any harmful genes that would prevent their use in phage therapy. All phages demonstrated a 6-hour total inhibition to host bacterial growth. Their host range was determined to be narrow, only infecting their respective host strains from the 80 bacterial strains tested. All the phages tolerated high pH well. fJoKpn03 was the only one tolerating very low pH. All phages showed a synergistic effect on the inhibition of bacterial growth when applied together with piperacillin. In conclusion, all five phages proved potential for phage therapy. They demonstrated inhibitory action against K. pneumoniae strains with capsule types against which there previously were no phages in our collection. Due to their narrow host range, they could be suited for personalized phage therapy or used in combination therapy with antibiotics to increase efficacy and duration of action. fJoKpn03 could provide an opportunity for oral administration due to its broad pH stability profile.
  • Marttila, Heli (2021)
    Global warming affects permafrost in the Arctic regions, where melting organic carbon storages will increasingly contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases. Little is known about tundra soil microbial communities, but Acidobacteria and viruses seem to have important roles there. Here, for the first time, we isolated five Acidobacteria infecting viruses from Kilpisjärvi tundra soils using host strains previously isolated from the same area. Three viruses were isolated on Edaphobacter sp. X5P2, one on Edaphobacter sp. M8UP27, and one on Granulicella sp. X4BP1. The viruses had circular double-stranded DNA genomes 63,196–308,711 bp in length and 51–58% GC content. From 108 to 348 putative ORFs were predicted, 54–72% of which were sequences unique to each virus. Annotations indicated that all five phages most likely have tailed virions. The diversity of viruses present in the studied soils was estimated with the metagenome analysis. Only 0.1% (627) of all assembled metagenomic contigs were phage-positive. The gene-sharing network analysis showed approximately genus-level clustering between the virus isolates and a few metagenomic viral contigs, but overall, all (except one) viral contigs clustered only with each other, not with any known viruses from the NCBI database. No taxonomical assignments could be done for the metagenomic viral contigs, highlighting overall undersampling of soil viruses. Further detailed studies on virus-host interactions are needed to understand the impact of viruses on host abundance and metabolism in Arctic soils, as well as the microbial input into biogeochemical cycles.
  • Gomez-Raya Vilanova, Miguel Vicente (2019)
    Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. With the ever-increasing threat of antibiotic resistance, they have emerged as a promising alternative treatment. Many phage genomes contain modified bases. They prevent digestion by restriction enzymes allowing the resistance of these viruses to bacterial defence mechanisms. YerA41, a phage that infects Yersinia ruckeri, contains a genome that could not be amplified using any of the DNA polymerases available in the market. Neither restrictions enzymes were able to digest it. These properties led to the assumption that YerA41 genome is not conventional and is likely to contain modified nucleotides. In order to replicate its genome, YerA41 should possess its own DNA polymerase that would be able to use, YerA41 genome as template. If so, it would be able to use other modified genomes as well. Hence, this DNA polymerase could become a very valuable biotechnological tool. In this study we isolated and optimised the purification of DNAP01, one of the putative DNA polymerases encoded by YerA41 genome. In addition, this work shows, with the help of different experiments, how DNAP01 is a novel DNA polymerase able to use YerA41 DNA as template. This is the first time an enzyme of this nature has been described and isolated.
  • Tamrakar, Anisha (2016)
    Cyanobacteria are well known for their ability to produce wide variety of natural products, many of which exhibit antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral or anticancer properties. These products include peptides, polyketides, alkaloid and polysaccharides. Cyanobacteria are also infamous for its toxic blooms, which are health hazardous to human, as well as animals. In this study, new benthic cyanobacterial strains were isolated from the Varlaxudden Seashore, Porvoo, Finland. The strains were purified and identified using microscopy. In addition, Finnish cyanobacterial strains (UHCC) and Brazilian strains (CENA) were screened for bioactive compounds. The 16S rRNA gene from UHCC and CENA strains were sequenced and used for the strain identification as well as to determine phylogenetic relationships. Bioactivities of strains were tested by disk diffusion assay followed by LC-MS and HPLC analysis to detect bioactivity as well as the bioactive compounds. The isolation of strains from 48 samples resulted in 48 morphologically identified cyanobacterial strains; 36 of them were Calothrix, 5 Anabaena, 4 Nostoc and one each of Tolypothrix, Scytonema and Cyanotheca genera. Four of the Calothrix strains (VAR 5/1, VAR 20/2, VAR 30/2 and VAR 43) were successfully made axenic. The UHCC and CENA strains included in this study belonged to two different habitats and regions (temperate and tropical) and a huge diversity between the strains were observed in the phylogenetic tree. A total of 12 of the studied cyanobacterial strains exhibited antifungal and antibacterial activities. A new peptide was observed from Nostoc sp. Brazil Punan but isolation was not successful. Three Nostoc strains produced hassallidins. Nostoc sp. SMIX 1 produced an antifungal compound, puwainaphycins which included two old and four new variants. The study also revealed cyanobacterial strains showing bioactivities but the bioactive compounds remained unidentified. So, further analyses are still needed for isolation and characterization of the unidentified compounds. Therefore, this study shows that cyanobacteria are prolific source of bioactive compounds and also potential leads for drug discovery.
  • Hepo-oja, Pilvi (2020)
    Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is used to treat recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI), and its potential as a treatment for other inflammatory conditions, like inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), has been extensively studied lately. It has been noticed that some bacteria in fecal transplants do not require physical contact with intestinal epithelium to alleviate inflammation, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed to carry the anti-inflammatory properties of those beneficial bacteria. In this thesis project, an isolation protocol was set up to isolate EVs from two fecal-originated Bacteroides isolates, Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides vulgatus, which had shown anti-inflammatory potential in previous studies. Isolation of EVs succeeded, and both isolates were confirmed to produce EVs. To study the anti-inflammatory potential, human colon epithelial cells (HT-29) were treated with several dilutions of isolated EVs, and then challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation. Amount of produced interleukin (IL-) 8 was measured as a marker of inflammation. EVs of both Bacteroides isolates continuously showed anti-inflammatory potential, but statistically significant conclusions could not be made. EVs have a potential to be used as a treatment in different inflammatory conditions and as adjuvant factors in synthetic FMT. To study the immunomodulatory potential of EVs of Bacteroides species more, proteomic analysis of contents of EVs, as well as potential to improve intestinal barrier are suggested. Also, testing the ability to alleviate production of other inflammatory markers could reveal more anti-inflammatory potential.
  • Reinert, Linnea (2010)
    Vitamin D is either obtained through synthesis in the skin due to UVB-light (290-315 nm) or from the diet. The hydroxylased metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is the metabolite to measure when vitamin D status wants to be determined. The active form of vitamin D is 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)?D) which interacts with a large set of tissue cells (especially bone) through its nuclear receptor the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteoporosis or osteomalacia in adults. Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease which is caused by the destruction of the pancreatic ?-cells. The disease has genetic and environmental features but the whole mechanism of disease development is still unknown. The prevalence of T1D is constantly growing in the whole world. Therefore it is important to study possible environmental factors that can eventually serve as pathogenesis modifiers. Vitamin D and T1D have been associated among others because there is a seasonal and geographical variation in T1D incidence, more cases have been identified in the North and during winter. The aim of this study was to investigate if the serum 25(OH)D status during first trimester of pregnancy is associated with T1D development in the offspring. The subjects where mothers of T1D children (N=310) and the controls were mothers of healthy children (N=310). Serum samples were obtained from the Finnish Maternity Cohort (FMC) and analyzed for S-25(OH)D. S- 25(OH)D measurement was performed with an indirect enzyme immunoassay (EIA). No significant (p>0.05) difference was seen between S-25(OH)D mean concentrations in cases and controls. The mean concentration of cases was 43.3 ± 15.9 nmol/l and 43.0 ± 15.5 nmol/l (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) of controls. Insufficient and deficient S- 25(OH)D status was seen in 72% of the whole study population. As a result of this study it has been shown that the S-25(OH)D status during first trimester of pregnancy is not associated with T1D development in the offspring. Samples from later stages of pregnancy could be analyzed to determine if the overall status during pregnancy has an effect on T1D development in the offspring. Considering the possible health outcomes of vitamin D insufficiency, recommended vitamin D supplementation should be raised to improve maternal and fetal health.
  • Norri, Viivi (2017)
    As a result of oil transport and pumping from the ground there is a constant risk for oil spills. The impact of an oil spill to the marine ecosystem can be significant. Therefore there has been growing interest to create new biological ways to degrade oils hydrocarbons by using microbes and plants ability to degrade oil to less harmful compounds. Because the biodegradation of oil in the nature is slow microbe enrichments and nutrient fertilizers can be developed to stimulate it. Compared to the oceans the Baltic Sea has significantly lower salinity and also temperature is lower than the average ocean temperature. Therefore it is important to take into consideration the unique features of the Baltic Sea when new enrichments are developed for oil spill response. The aim of this study was to enrich samples from the Baltic Sea coastal areas that had previously contaminated with oil. These samples were enriched with crude oil and with marine diesel oil. The oil-degradation efficiency of the enrichments were evaluated using several methods and the changes in microbial diversity was also examined among the process. The aim was to enrich microbial population which can be used in combination with carrier materials as an ecological and inexpensive oil spill recovery method in the Baltic Sea area. The biodegradation of the oil during enrichments were detected by carbon dioxide measurements, biodegradability and hydrocarbon analysis. Changes in the cell concentration during the enrichments were measured by Live/Dead- and DAPI staining. Changes in the microbe activity was detected with ATP-measurements. The oil degradation effectiveness of the enrichments were examined with HALO-plating and with emulsification test. Changes in the microbial diversity during the enrichment was examined with Ion Torrent sequencing. The results showed that used methods were suitable for estimating oil biodegradation, microbial activity, cell concentration and microbial diversity changes in the samples. The enrichment temperature was the most significant factor influencing the oil degradation efficiency and microbial diversity of the enrichments. The influence of the sampling site was not so significant. Crude oil biodegraded more efficiently by crude oil enri0chments than the marine diesel oil by marine diesel oil enrichments. According to the chemical and microbiological methods used in this study oil biodegradation was observed at low temperatures (5 and 15 °C). Several oil-degrading enrichments working at lower temperatures were obtained in this study. However, the biodegradation of oil was relatively slow and would be important to examine if the bigger amounts of nutrients, as well as the use of carrier materials would enhance the biodegradation process at cold temperature. The OILRES-project (Multilevel assessment of sustainable oil spill response measures and their impact on Arctic and subarctic marine environments) where the master´s thesis were done was funded by the Academy of Finland and it is co-operation of Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) and Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT Ltd).
  • Pitkonen, Maija (2018)
    Tiivistelmä/Referat – Abstract Investoinnin strategiavaihtojen kannattavuutta arvioidaan erilaisten investointi- ja rahoituslaskelmien avulla. Niiden avulla voidaan tarkastella investoinnin vaikutuksia maitotilan tulokseen, taseeseen ja kassavirtaan. Budjetti toimii investoinnin suunnittelun ja seurannan välineenä. Sen täytyy olla sidoksissa investointisuunnitelmaan, jotta sitä voidaan käyttää johtamisen työvälineenä. On kaikkien osapuolien etu, että investoinnin suunnittelu on käynnistetty ajoissa ja saatavilla on riittävästi informaatiota päätöksen tekemiseen. Maatalouden toimintaympäristön ja -politiikan muutokset tuotavat päätöksen tekoon vaikeasti ennustettavia elementtejä ja täten estävät aukottomien laskelmien laatimisen. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli löytää keinoja, miten investointivaiheen talouden suunnittelua ja seurantaa voisi kehittää ja toimintaa yhtenäistää eri toimijoiden välillä. Tämän tutkimuksen tutkimusmenetelmäksi valittiin teemahaastattelu, joka soveltuu tiedon keräämiseen suoraan tarkoituksen mukaisesti valitulta kohdejoukolta. Tutkimus tehtiin tiiviissä yhteistyössä tuloksia hyödyntävien tahojen kanssa. Tutkimuksen perusteella investoinnin onnistumisen kannalta on tärkeää tarkastella kokonaisuutta talouden ja tuotannon näkökulmista. Kannattavuuden ja taloudellisten vaikutusten simulointiin on ProAgrian asiantuntijoilla käytössä Likwi-ohjelma. Sen avulla voidaan simuloida maksuvalmiuteen vaikuttavia muutoksia ja määrittää esim. kuinka alhaista maidon tuottajahintaa investointi kestäisi. Lisäksi omaan yksityiskäyttöön tarkoitetun pankkitilin avaaminen tulisi olla pakollista suureen investointiin ryhdyttäessä. Investoinnin rahaliikenne olisi muutoinkin hyvä hoitaa oman pankkitilin kautta, jotta pääomalla ei rahoita normaalia tuotantoa tai yksityistalouden menoja. Pankin seurantaan rahoituspäätöksen jälkeen, tulee kehittää systemaattisemmaksi.
  • Virtanen, Jannina (2017)
    Työelämän jatkuvat muutokset ja monimutkaisuus asettavat johtajuudelle haasteita. Itsensä johtamisen avulla yksilöiden on mahdollista toimia tehokkaasti työelämässä ja selviytyä jatkuvan muutoksen keskellä. Sen vuoksi itsensä johtamiseen onkin viime aikoina kiinnitetty yhä enemmän huomiota ja siitä on muotoutunut uudenlainen johtamisen laji perinteisten johtamisteorioiden rinnalle. Itsensä johtamista tukemalla voidaan vaikuttaa yksilön itseohjautuvuuteen ja kokemukseen autonomiasta. Näin itsensä johtamista tehostamalla voidaan saavuttaa parempia tuloksia. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on vastata johtamisympäristön muutokseen itsensä johtamisen hyödyntämisen avulla. Tutkimus tarkastelee itsensä johtamista Manzin luoman Self-Leadership-konseptin kautta ja tarkoituksena on luoda selkeä kokonaiskuva tästä itsenäisestä ja todella tärkeästä johtajuusteoriasta. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää millä tavalla yksilöt ilmentävät itsensä johtamista omassa työssään ja mitä keinoja he käyttävät johtaessaan itseään. Tutkimus on kvalitatiivinen eli laadullinen. Tutkimus on toteutettu kirjallisuuskatsauksena kokoamalla erilaisia itsensä johtamista ilmentäviä teorioita yhteen. Tutkimus toteutettiin teemahaastattelujen avulla ja aineisto analysoitiin sisällönanalyysin avulla. Haastattelut tehtiin kahdeksalle henkilölle, jotka kaikki ilmensivät itsensä johtajuutta omassa työelämässään. Kukin haastateltava työskenteli erilaisessa organisaatiossa erilaisissa työtehtävissä. Haastattelujoukko myös edusti eri ikäryhmiä. Haastatteluissa oli apuna valmis haastattelurunko, jossa itsensä johtamista käsiteltiin viiden eri teeman avulla. Nämä teemat ovat motivaatio, itseohjautuvuus ja autonomia, minäpystyvyys ja tavoitteet, palaute sekä organisaation tuki. Teemat on johdettu itsensä johtamisen teoreettisesta viitekehyksestä. Tutkimus osoitti, että yksilöt harjoittavat itsensä johtamista hyödyntämällä erilaisia itsensä johtamisen strategioita. Itsensä johtaminen vaikuttaa olennaisesti yksilöiden suoritukseen ja lisäksi se hyödyttää myös organisaatioita työtehokkuuden kasvun myötä. Itsensä johtamisen avulla yksilön toiminta tehostuu ja yksilö pystyy myös itsensä johtamisen strategioiden avulla paremmin säätelemään omaa toimintaansa ja vaikuttamaan itseensä. Haastateltavat henkilöt olivat joukko itsensä johtamisen strategioita hyödyntäviä yksilöitä, jotka pyrkivät asettamaan itselleen haastavia tavoitteita ja seuraamaan toimintansa tuloksia esimerkiksi palautteen avulla. Lisäksi he olivat sisäisesti motivoituneita ja pyrkivät alati kehittämään itseään ja omia taitojaan. Organisaatioiden tulisi tukea työntekijöiden tarpeita sekä itsensä johtamista ja näin voidaan saavuttaa parempi tuottavuus. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, että yksilön autonomian tukeminen lisäsi haastateltavien motivaatiota ja näin työ koettiin todella mielekkääksi. Työtehtävät itsessään motivoivat ulkoisten kannustimien sijaan. Tutkimus tarjoaa ensiarvoisen tärkeää tietoa itsensä johtamisen hyödyntämisestä yksilöllisesti ja lisäksi sen avulla kiinnitetään huomio organisaation kokemaan hyötyyn itsensä johtajuudesta. Itsensä johtaminen on tärkeä prosessi ja se ansaitsee tulla vieläkin tarkemmin tutkituksi tulevaisuudessa. Itsensä johtaminen tarjoaa työkaluja yksiöiden työtehokkuuden ja työssä viihtyvyyden tarkastelemiseen. Itsensä johtamisesta hyötyy näin yksilön lisäksi myös organisaatio. Tutkimus osoitti, että itsensä johtamisesta luotu teoreettinen viitekehys ilmentää itsensä johtamista ja erilaisten strategioiden avulla on mahdollista vaikuttaa itseensä, jotta haluttu lopputulos saavutetaan onnistuneesti ja tehokkaasti. Ilman itsensä jatkuvaa tiedostamista ja omien taitojen kehittämistä ei ole mahdollista selviytyä työelämän jatkuvien muutoksien keskellä.
  • Vaahtera, Eeva (2012)
    Kosteikot ovat lajirikkaudeltaan ja toiminnaltaan ainutlaatuisia ekosysteemejä. Ne osallistuvat veden kiertoon, suojaavat rantoja eroosiolta ja tarjoavat monenlaisia elinympäristöjä. Tästä huolimatta kosteikkoja on pidetty lähinnä haittana kehitykselle. Kosteikoita on kuivattu pois peltojen, teiden ja asutuksen tieltä. Kosteikoista riippuvaiset lajit ovat vähentyneet niiden elinympäristöjen tuhoutuessa. Kosteikoiden vedenpuhdistuskyky on nostanut ne uuteen arvoon. Tässä työssä on selvitetty Nummelan portin rakennetun taajamakosteikon kasvillisuuden koostumusta ja leviämistä ensimmäisellä (2010) ja toisella (2011) kasvukaudella. Kosteikon kasvillisuus on perustettu alueelle itseohjautuvalla periaatteella, jossa luotetaan kasvillisuuden luontaiseen leviämiskykyyn. Kasvillisuussukkession alkuvaiheen tilannetta tarkastellaan Grimen (1977) ns. CRS-teorian avulla. Teorian mukaan kasvit ovat elinkiertostrategialtaan kilpailijoita, ruderaaleja tai stressinsietäjiä.
  • Nousiainen, Riitta (2015)
    Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan kuluttajien kokemuksia ja näkemyksiä aikaan sekä ajankäyttöön liittyen. Syventymisen kohteena ovat ajan symboliset ja sosiaaliset merkitykset. Tutkielmassa analysoidaan sitä, miten kuluttajat jäsentävät ajankäyttöään, miten he kokevat pirstaloituneen ajan, millaista ajankäyttöä he ihannoivat sekä mistä he haaveilevat. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu kymmenen työelämässä olevan 29–38-vuotiaan kuluttajan yksilöhaastattelusta. Haastateltavat ovat korkeakoulutettuja ja aineiston analyysissa on käytetty teemoittelua. Tutkimuksen viitekehys rakentuu yhtäältä ajankäyttötutkimuksen ja aikakäsityksien tutkimuksen perinteeseen sekä toisaalta ajan ominaisuuksien, rutiinien sekä rytmien tutkimuksiin. Keskeisenä tuloksena on kuluttajien ristiriitainen kokemus ajasta. He ihannoivat tehokkuutta ja haaveilevat vapaudesta ilman aikatauluja. Tehokkaaseen ajankäyttöön sisältyy ajatus säästäväisestä kuluttajasta, joka harkitsee tarkkaan valintojaan. Kuluttaja pohtii arjenhallintaa kotitalouden näkökulmasta ja omasta kiiretuntemuksensa näkökulmasta. Oman ajankäytön kontrolli on kuluttajalle läsnä arjessa. Vastapainoisesti kuluttaja haaveilee arjen pienistä irtiotoista, ajantajun sallitusta menetyksestä ja pohtii unelmien ajankäyttöä. Kuluttajien tavat suhtautua aikaan kumpuavat menneestä ajasta. Maatalousyhteiskunnassa hyveinä pidetty protestanttinen työeetos tehokkuusvaatimuksineen ja agraarinen kulutuseetos säästäväisyyshyveineen ovat jättäneet jälkensä suomalaisiin kuluttajiin. Nykykuluttajat korostavat lisäksi vapaa-ajan tehokkuutta ansiotyön rinnalla. Älypuhelin ja kalenterit toimivat ajanhallinnan tukena. Perhe, harrastukset ja omakotitaloasuminen ovat tekijöitä, joiden kesken vapaa-aika jaetaan. Kuluttajien aika on pirstaloitunutta. Rutiinit ovat epäsäännöllistyneet, aktiviteetit ovat pirstoutuneet, toiminta on sijoittunut uudelleen ja ajankäytössä on merkkejä päällekkäisyyksistä. Oikean ja väärän välinen tasapainoilu on jatkuvaa. Vastakkain ovat työ ja vapaa-aika tai vaihtoehtoisesti työ ja perhe. Vapaa-ajan sisältämä symbolinen taistelu oikean ja väärän ajanvieton välillä kumpuaa sosiaalisista ja kulttuurisista normeista.