Browsing by Author "Vänttinen, Kristofer"

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a plant that belongs to the group of nightshades (Solanaeceae). Enzymatic browning occurs in potato tuber when it is peeled or bruised. Polyphenols in tuber (e.g. chlorogenic acid and tyrosine) are oxidised into o-kinones by polyphenol oxidase. When kinones polymerise, melanins are formed. These compounds cause the brown colour in potato tubers. Sulfites are used as food additives in potatoes preventing enzymatic browning reactions. The maximum permitted usage levels in European Union are 50 mg SO2/kg in peeled potatoes, 100 mg SO2/kg in cooled and frozen potatoes and 400 mg SO2/kg in dried potato products (No 1333/2008). The allergy threshold limit for sulfites in food products is 10 mg SO2/kg (No 1169/2011). The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the sulfite content in various potato products on the market, 2) to examine the binding of sulfite on potato in the relation with temperature, time and concentration, 3) to examine sulfite content in different potato varieties and 4) to compare the HPLC results with the rapid determination methods. The objectives in the literature review were to study the use of a potato as a food component, industrial peeling of potatoes, enzymatic browning reactions, sulfites and their analytical methods. In this study, a modified RP-IP-HPLC-PC (Reversed Phase Ion-Pair High Performance Liquid Chromatography Post-Column) method was used. For rapid determination methods, two kits were used: Merck MQuantTM Sulfite Test and Neogen ALERT® for Sulphites in Seafood. 18 food products were selected to this study (6 mashed potato flours, 3 fresh products and 9 frozen). Box-Behnken Experimental Design was carried out prior to the examination of sulfite binding in different potato varieties (Belana, Nicola, Siikli, Gala, Jelly, Melody, Bellarosa, Afra and Puikula). Sulfite was found in four mashed potato flours and three fresh potato products. In flours, the content of sulfites were below the maximum limit, but over the allergy threshold limit (10 mg SO2/kg). However, sulfite was labelled. In fresh products, the content of sulfite in the first product was below the allergy threshold limit, the second product fell under the maximum limit but the third product exceeded it. In the first product sulfite was not labelled but in the other two ones it was. In Box-Behnken Experimental Design, results were analysed with one-way ANOVA. Concentration (%) had the biggest influence on sulfite binding on potato (p = 0,000) and then time (s) (p = 0,0079). Temperature (°C) didn’t have any statistical significance (p = 0,3513). According to the results, the best measurement point was 1 %, 60 s, +5 °C. The peeled potato varieties were sulfite treated in these conditions. Statistical analysis was carried out with one-way ANOVA and then Tukey HSD. According to the results, there was a statistical significance (p = 0,000) in sulfite binding in different potato varieties. Sulfite was bound most in Puikula (67,0 ± 8,8 mg SO2/kg) and least in Gala (19,7 ± 5,3 mg SO2/kg). The most difference within the varieties in sulfite binding were with Belana, Gala and Puikula. Jelly had a difference only with Gala. In rapid determination methods, ALERT® was more accurate than MQuantTM. ALERT® could be applied on the surface of the sample contrary to MQuantTM that needed 3 or 5 times dilution before measurement. ALERT® is a good choice for semiquantitative rapid method. MQuantTM, however, is not suitable for rapid measurement of sulfites in potato products.