Browsing by Author "Waldmann, Salla"

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has an important role in tree functioning, as it is needed for photosynthesis, used in biomass growth, and released in respiration. Stem CO2 efflux depends mainly on the stem respiration, which is why air temperature is the best predictor of the efflux. Most of the respiratory CO2 is released to the atmosphere, while a part is re-fixated in woody tissue photosynthesis and some dissolves in xylem water and is transported up along the stem in the sap flow. Stem CO2 efflux rate is therefore also affected by solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit. CO2 efflux varies vertically within the stem, as respiration rate is higher in the younger parts of the stem, younger parts have thinner bark and thus smaller diffusion barrier, and since some CO2 is transported up along the stem in the sap flow the increased xylem gas-to-water ratio in the higher parts of the stem accelerates the diffusion rate of CO2. Studies of stem CO2 efflux that use long-term data are rare. Long-term measurements enable the study of seasonality, annual variations, and the effect of different environmental factors more deeply than shorter measurement periods or point measurements allow. Chamber measurements give information on the gas exchange of a single component and its reactions to environmental factors. Long-term chamber measurements are therefore important in understanding forest carbon balance. This thesis analyses long-term stem chamber CO2 flux data measured continuously year-round at the SMEAR II station in the years 2010 – 2020. It studies the differences of different stem chamber types used in collecting the data, how the stem CO2 dynamics vary annually, seasonally, diurnally, individually, between two boreal tree species (Pinus sylvestris & Betula pendula) and vertically within the stem, and how different environmental factors affect the efflux. The data consists of two steady-state chamber types (measured in 2010 – 2012 and 2012 – 2016, respectively) and one dynamic chamber type (measured in 2016-2020) attached to one birch tree and four pine trees. The effects of environmental factors were studied through the temperature-dependence of respiration. It was modelled from the night-time efflux, as during night photosynthesis does not occur and sap flow is almost non-existent, and was utilized to predict whole-day respiration. Modelled respiration values were reduced from measured values and the part of stem efflux that was not caused by respiration but with photosynthesis and sap flow was left. The different chamber types were analysed with correlations of chamber and ambient temperature. Monthly and yearly effluxes were estimated and compared, and monthly estimates were normalized to compare the seasonality of the efflux. The results indicate that the stem CO2 efflux varies between years, seasons, species, individuals and vertically within the stem. The seasonal dynamics of birch occur more suddenly while the dynamics of pine increase and decrease more gently in spring and autumn, which might be due to birch being a deciduous and pine a coniferous species. There was clear vertical variation in stem CO2 efflux rates, which was possibly due to differences in growth respiration rates in different heights of the stem. The difference in the efflux sizes between higher and lower measurement point was higher in warmer months, and the efflux followed air temperature more closely in the higher measurement point. Photosynthesis and sap flow both decreased the stem CO2 efflux especially in warmer months, and sap flow had also a slight positive effect on the efflux when transpiration was low. The dynamic chamber type had chamber conditions closest to ambient conditions due to its adequate air mixing and can be said to alter the measurement results less than the two steady-state chamber types. This thesis highlights the importance of long-term continuous measurements of stem CO2 flux in the future. Annual, seasonal, individual, and vertical variation together with species stem CO2 efflux dynamics should all be accounted for when upscaling the efflux to stem- or stand-scale.