Browsing by Subject "bakteeri"
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(2013)Fungi play a crucial role in the ecosystem by recycling nutrients and forming mycorrhizal roots with plants. Many of the decomposer and mycorrhizal fungi are Bacidiomycetes. In the sexual reproduction stage, Bacidiomycetes produce fruiting bodies which enable them to produce and disseminate spores allowing fungi to spread to new growing sites. Fruiting bodies have been discovered to contain bacteria which may have a role in differentiation and maintenance of the fruiting body. They might also protect fruiting bodies against animals and diseases, and influence the nutritional value of the fruiting body. There is little knowledge about the amount of bacteria in the fruiting bodies. All previous research has been carried out entirely by cultivation-based methods and it shows that different fungal species contain very different amounts of bacteria. Some fruiting bodies have been shown not to contain easily cultivatable bacteria. The occurrence of archaea in fruiting bodies has not been previously studied and investigation into their function in fungi has only recently begun. In the present work significant amounts of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA -gene copies were discovered in the fruiting bodies of three ectomycorrhizal and three decomposer fungi species. This is the first time fruiting bodies have been shown to contain archaea. The occurrence of bacteria and archaea and the abundance of their 16S rRNA -genes in the fruiting bodies were determined using PCR ja quantitative PCR methods. Suillus bovinus and Boletus pinophilus fruiting bodies contained significantly more archaeal than bacterial gene copies. Cantharellus cibarius and Lycoperdon perlatum contained more bacterial than archaeal 16S rRNA -gene copies. In two decomposer fungi fruiting bodies, Agaricus arvensis and Piptoporus betulinus, the abundance of bacterial and archaeal gene copy numbers were equal. Suillus bovinus fruiting bodies had the largest copy number of archaeal 16S rRNA -genes from all species investigated. According to the results obtained in this work, the occurrence of bacteria and archaea might be common in fruiting bodies. The presence of bacteria and archaea in significant amounts in fruiting bodies may indicate their necessity for the development and sustainability of the fruiting body and hence to the whole life cycle of fungi.
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(2012)This study was conducted to find suitable methods for the quality control of commercial plant growth-promoting (PGP) microbial products. A commercial bacterial product called TwinN was evaluated for its microbiological quality, physiological features of its bacterial strains, and its ability to promote plant growth. Other bacterial strains which had shown PGP features in earlier studies, were used as reference strains. The microbiological composition of the TwinN bacterial lyophilisate corresponded to the manufacturer's description, as it was composed of bacteria belonging to the genera Azoarcus, Azorhizobium, and Azospirillum. However, the concentrations of some of the bacterial species were lower than reported. If the product was used according to the manufacturer's instructions, the bacterial counts in the plants wouldn't necessarily reach a sufficient level. With the TwinN product, a powdery growth medium was also supplied, which appeared to be highly contaminated with bacteria and moulds. The nature and source of these microbes remained unknown. The bacteria in the TwinN product were isolated as pure cultures, and identified based on the partial sequences of their 16S rRNA genes. Specific plate and broth culturing techniques were used to uncover the potential PGP physiological features of the pure cultures. The bacterial strains were able to produce indole-3-acetic acid, ACC deaminase and siderophore, which suggests that they might also have PGP activity. The ability of the bacteria to promote plant growth was tested in a plant experiment using hydroponic growth pouches. An Azospirillum brasilense strain isolated from the TwinN product was able to increase the dry weight of the shoots of chinese gabbage almost 41 % compared with the uninoculated control plants. Of the five bacterial treatments used, the A. brasilense strain was the only one able to promote plant growth. Chinese cabbage was the only plant species out of six that gave a positive response to the A. brasilense treatment. For some reason, the TwinN product itself didn't show any PGP activity. The plants showed signs of nitrogen deficiency, which indicates that no bacterial nitrogen fixation had taken place. The method used to determine the microbial composition of the TwinN product, was Amplicon sequencing. Combined with the results of traditional culturing techniques, Amplicon sequencing proved to be a useful method for the assessment of the microbiological quality of the product. The physiological tests that could be of use in the quality control of PGP products, are siderophore production test, phosphate solubilization test and the test that measures indole-3-acetic acid production.
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