Browsing by Subject "faba bean"

The literature review illustrated the negative impacts of mold spoilage in baked goods and the significance of lactic acid fermentation used to prevent mold growth, with a special emphasis on the mechanism of antifungal metabolites produced by lactic acid bacteria. A brief introduction of the raw materials (faba bean and pearl millet) was also involved. The aim of this study is to explore the potential of different strains of lactic acid bacteria producing antifungal compounds during faba bean and pearl millet fermentation, to facilitate their application in baked foods with extended shelf-life. Different species of lactic acid bacteria isolated from faba bean and pearl millet in previous studies were used singly as a starter for sourdough fermentation. Antifungal assays were carried out on target molds and selected sourdoughs showing antifungal activity were analyzed to assess the nature of antifungal compounds (e.g. organic acids and proteinaceous compounds). All of the water-soluble extracts from sourdoughs were able to inhibit the growth of the indicator molds P. paneum and P. albocoremium, but not A. niger. This was in agreement with previous findings, showing that sensibility towards different antifungal compounds is not identical across different molds. The concentration of organic acids and the potential proteinaceous nature of the most active extracts was also established. It was hypothesized that the organic acids produced during fermentation can act in synergy with proteinaceous compounds and could contribute to the antifungal activity of faba bean sourdough fermented with L. sakei F1410 and L. mesenteroides I21 and of pearl millet sourdoughs fermented with P. pentosaceus A133 and A1231. Furthermore, small molecular peptides generated possibly through proteolysis of proteins in faba bean sourdough fermented with P. pentosaceus I02 and in pearl millet sourdough fermented with L. palantarum A103 could be responsible for the antifungal effect.

Constant increase in protein consumption is global trend and can be seen in consumer behavior of Finnish markets. Consumers are interested in replacing meat proteins with plant proteins, and therefore, it is important to develop locally grown-domestic products and invest in local crop research. Due to this, the current study focuses on the domestic vegetable protein (faba bean and oat) texturing by extrusion cooking and on their functionality when included in burgers. The literature section presents an overview of previous studies on extrusion of vegetable proteins and the functionality of textured vegetable proteins (TVP). In the experimental work the research materials were faba bean protein concentrate and oat concentrate with high β-glucan content. The flour concentrates were texturized with high-moisture extrusion, in different mixtures. Mixtures were prepared in the ratio of: 3:1 (FO) and 1:3 (OF) and soy protein concentrate (S) was used as a reference sample. Moisture content and water absorption capability of TVP samples were measured instrumentally. TVPs were later on applied to develop burgers based on a mixture of meat and vegetable sources. Burgers were prepared for instrumental analysis with seven different recipes, where TVP inclusion, water addition and meat content varied. TVP was included in three different percentages: 0, 25 and 50% and water was added in 0, 12.5 and 25%. In relation to TVP inclusion and water addition, the meat content varied between 25-100%. Sample with 100% meat was used as control sample (0-sample) and burgers with S inclusion as reference samples. Samples were analyzed for cooking loss, shear force and texture profile (hardness, fracturability, springi-ness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience) which was measured with a compression method. Based on the results of the instrumental analysis, five different burger samples were selected and evaluated for sensorial properties (chewiness, biting force, juiciness and pasty mouthfeel). The highest TVP moisture content was in OF and lowest in FO, hence the difference between S and FO was not significant. The highest water absorption was in S and lowest in OF. 25% TVP inclusion in burgers reduced the cooking loss (p<0.05) and 50% inclusion reduced it even more (p<0.05). With 25% TVP inclusion S had higher (p<0.05) cooking loss compared to FO and OF. With 50% TVP inclusion the difference was eliminated. Water addition increased cooking loss significantly (p<0.05) with each type of TVP. The FO and OF inclusion showed to weaken (p<0.05) the textural properties of burgers and reduced (p<0.05) the shear force. The reference sample S was found to maintain the structure similar as from the meat control sample. Water addition, while replacing meat, weakened also the textural properties and shear force in each TVP included sample. Based on the results, the inclusion of FO and OF in burgers reduces the cooking loss compared to the 0-sample and the reference sample S. The texture of burgers became weaker with FO and OF inclusion, however sensory evaluation revealed them to be similar to S included sample. Therefore additional studies focusing on improving the textural properties of these TVPs are needed. Faba bean and oat concentrates with higher protein contents could be needed to obtain a texture closer to meat.

Kivennäis- ja hivenaineet ovat lypsylehmälle välttämättömiä elintoimintojen ja tuotannon ylläpitoon. Härkäpavun siementä voidaan käyttää valkuaisen lähteenä ja koko kasvustoa säilörehuna, mutta niiden hivenainekoostumusta ei tunneta yhtä hyvin kuin rypsirouheen ja nurmisäilörehun. Tutkimuksessa verrattiin lypsylehmän kivennäis- ja hivenaineiden saantia ja sulavuutta härkäpapusäilörehusta ja härkäpavun siemenestä nurmisäilörehuun ja rypsirouheeseen. Tutkielmassa tarkasteltiin kahta koetta, jotka oli tehty Viikin opetus- ja tutkimustilalla vuosina 2014 ja 2015. Molemmissa kokeissa oli 8 Ayrshire-rotuista lypsylehmää. Kokeet toteutettiin kaksinkertaisina 4x4 latinalaisina neliöinä, joissa oli neljä ruokintaa neljänä kolmen viikon jaksona. Koeasetelmat olivat 2x2 faktoriaalisia. Ensimmäisessä kokeessa faktoreina olivat säilörehun kasvilaji (nurmi tai 1:1 nurmi+härkäpapu-kevätvehnä) ja väkirehun raakavalkuaispitoisuus (175 tai 200 g/kg ka). Toisessa kokeessa faktoreina olivat valkuaistäydennys eri lähteistä (rypsirouhe tai härkäpapu), sekä näiden osittainen korvaaminen Spirulina platensis mikrolevällä. Kokeen 2 koeruokinnat olivat isonitrogeenisiä valkuaisrehujen suhteen. Kokeessa 2 kaikissa koeruokinnoissa oli sama pitoisuus kaupallista kivennäisrehua ja kokeessa 1 kivennäislisä oli täysrehuissa. Härkäpapusäilörehuseos sisälsi enemmän kivennäisaineita, mutta vähemmän hivenaineita kuin nurmisäilörehu. Härkäpavun siemen sisälsi 70 % enemmän kuparia kuin rypsirouhe. Härkäpapusäilörehuseos lisäsi eri kivennäisaineiden saantia 1-6 %, mutta vähensi hivenaineiden, kuten raudan ja mangaanin saantia 5-7 % verrattuna nurmisäilörehuun. Härkäpavun siemen lisäsi kuparin saantia 9 %, mutta pienensi magnesiumin, rikin, raudan, mangaanin ja seleenin saanteja 2-14 % verrattuna rypsirouheeseen. Härkäpavun lisääminen ruokintaan kokoviljasäilörehuna tai kokonaisena siemenenä ei vaikuttanut kivennäis- tai hivenaineiden sulavuuteen. Härkäpapusäilörehu tai härkäpavun siemen eivät eronneet merkittävästi nurmirehusta tai rypsistä hivenaineiden lähteinä. Härkäpapu ei sisältänyt mitään kivennäis- tai hivenainetta haitallisen suurta tai hälyttävän pientä määrää.

The aim of this study was to investigate dairy cow performance on faba bean compared to rapeseed meal on silage based diets. Increasing use of grain legumes may improve selfsufficiency of feed protein. The study was conducted at the research farm of University of Helsinki. In the experiment, eight multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows were used. Four of them were fitted with rumen fistula. In the beginning of the experiment, cows were 100 (± 51) days in milk. Replicated 4x4 Latin square design was used: the other square consisted of cows with rumen fistulas and the other of intact cows. Treatments of the study were concentrate feeds as follows: control (no protein supplement), rapeseed meal, faba bean and mixture of rapeseed meal and faba bean. Concentrates were fed at a rate of 14 kg/d and silage was given ad libitum. Concentrate feeds including protein supplement were isonitrogenous crude protein content being approximately 200 g/kg DM. Protein supplementation increased silage intake (2,4 kg/d) and milk production (1,6 – 4,9 kg/d). Protein supplementation decreased milk fat content (41,2 vs. 45,3 g/kg DM) but increased milk protein content (35,5 vs. 34,3 g/kg). Feed nitrogen utilization to milk, AAT and ME utilizations and ECM yield to feed intake -ratio were decreased on protein supplementation. In this experiment however rapeseed meal did not give responses of same level as was expected according to results of earlier experiments. Diets including faba bean increased silage intake and milk production compared to rapeseed meal diet. Rapeseed meal diet decreased silage intake 2,7 kg and milk yield 2,5 kg compared with faba bean diet. Mixture of rapeseed and faba bean resulted in the highest milk production being 2 kg more than on average on rapeseed meal and faba bean diets. Utilization of ME and ECM yield to feed intake –ratio were increased with rapeseed meal diet. According to this study rapeseed meal as a protein supplement can be substituted by faba bean in dairy cow diets on silage based diets.

Plant-based products with good nutritional and sensory quality are needed to facilitate dietary change towards using less of the unsustainable animal origin foods. Extrusion cooking is a way to produce these products cost effectively. A high quality dry-extruded product has porous structure and suitable hardness. These properties can be affected by adjusting the viscosity of the extruded mass. This master’s thesis discusses the properties of colloidal microcrystalline cellulose (cMCC) that affect the structure of dry-extruded textured protein products made of potato protein and faba bean flour made from germinated beans. The aim was to produce a porous, water binding domestic plant-protein product that can be used as part of healthy diet. The hypothesis was that cMCC increases water absorption capacity and changes the stiffness and expansion of the product by increasing viscosity of the mass. The viscosity of raw materials was first examined from flour mixtures and after this mixture of 70:30 faba bean:potato protein with 0; 1.5 and 3.0 % cMCC was extruded in 24; 27 and 30 % water contents. Moisture content, water absorption capacity, water solubility, sectional expansion index, physical properties of dry and swollen extrudates were examined. Products were photographed both dry and after swelling. The nutritional compositions were calculated based on raw material manufacturers’ information. The swollen products contained 15–22 g protein, 11–17 g carbohydrates and 3,5–47,7 fiber g/100 g moist extrudate (31–42 % dry matter) and could be categorized as source of fiber. cMCC improved flowing capabilities of the flour mixture which was observed as more uniform shape of extrudates. Cleaning the equipment was significantly easier with mixtures containing cMCC. cMCC did not increase water absorption capacity but it did decrease water solubility and increased stiffness. Viscosity measurements revealed that potato proteins did not gel. This information could not be utilized in detail to predict viscosities with extrusion because of different flour ratios.

The literature review related to faba bean proteins, the mechanism of protein oxidation and detection methods for protein oxidation as well as the relationship between lipid and protein oxidation. Native faba bean, faba bean treated by oven and microwave, as well as soy protein isolate were used as materials. The materials differed in their lipoxygenase activity. Oil-in-water emulsions were made of 10% purified (removal of antioxidants) rapeseed oil and 3% water soluble proteins that were extracted from flour samples. The emulsions were prepared by homogenizing using microfludizer. Oxidation took place in the oven at 37 °C in the dark with constant stirring by magnet stirrers. Sampling for measurements was carried out on day 0, 1, 4 and 7 from each replicate. Oxidative stability of was monitored by following lipid oxidation as formation of conjugated dienes and hexanal, and by following protein oxidation by measuring loss of tryptophan, formation of carbonyls and dityrosine through fluorescence detections both in the lipid phase and in the continuous phase. In this study, the degree of protein oxidation was generally consistent with corresponding lipid oxidation. Generally, the degree of protein oxidation in lipid phase of emulsions was higher than that in continuous phase, although the protein content was far less in the lipid phase. Both results implied co-oxidative relationship between lipid and protein oxidation. In addition, the results showed that thermal treatment or microwave irradiation can not only result in retarding or decreasing lipid oxidation by lowing lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, but also affect protein oxidation via lipid oxidation and the conformational changes of proteins.

Divicine and isouramil are the causative agents of favism. The stability of divicine is of vital importance in faba bean detoxification. The literature review of this thesis focused on the hydrolysis of vicine to divicine, the oxidation processes of divicine and its stability studies. The main aims of this thesis were to produce divicine using the hydrolysis of vicine with ?-glucosidase, and study the effects of nitrogen/air atmosphere, reducing agent, pH and temperature on the stability of divicine. The identities of other compounds observed in vicine hydrolysis were also to be investigated. In addition, convicine was also hydrolyzed in the extracts and pure convicine fractions. Vicine and convicine were co-extracted from dehulled faba bean flour and were separated with preparative HPLC-MS. The extracts and the pure vicine and convicine fractions were hydrolyzed with ?-glucosidase to yield divicine and isouramil. The identities of the compounds formed during vicine fraction hydrolysis were studied by MS. In the following stability studies, the pure vicine fractions were hydrolyzed with ?-glucosidase under nitrogen and in the presence of (+)-sodium L-ascorbate. Moreover, the fractions were firstly hydrolyzed under air, next, the formed divicine was incubated at pH 3.0 or 5.0 at 20 or 37 ºC. An analytical HPLC method was used to study the changes during hydrolysis and stability tests. It was found that higher ?-glucosidase concentration and longer incubation period resulted in higher hydrolysis degrees of vicine and convicine. Further, vicine was hydrolyzed more rapidly at pH 3.0 than 5.0. Vicine was hydrolyzed to divicine. Divicine further generated two compounds, named compound 1 and compound 2 in this thesis. Their corresponding retention times and absorption maxima were: 2.15 min, 282 nm; 1.79 min, 262 nm; and 1.94 min, 210 nm. Compound 1 was directly generated from divicine. It was possibly oxidized divicine, but its characterization with MS failed in this study. Compound 1 decomposed to compound 2 at pH 5.0 at 20 ºC, but at pH 3.0 at 20 ºC, divicine might directly decompose to compound 2. Only one compound (named compound 3) was formed during convicine hydrolysis, and its retention time and absorption maximum were 2.50 min and 280 nm. Divicine and compounds 1, 2, and 3 were not stable, they finally decomposed to non-UV absorbing substances. Divicine was more stable under nitrogen than under air, and in the presence of (+)-sodium L-ascorbate than without its presence. Divicine decomposed similarly at pH 3.0 and 5.0 at 37 ºC, but at 20 ºC, divicine was more stable at pH 5.0. At both pH values, the stability of divicine was increased at 20 ºC compared with 37 ºC.