Browsing by Subject "genetic diversity"
Now showing items 1-6 of 6
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(2009)Genetic composition of Theobroma cacao L., including 60 Nicaraguan farmers accessions, was investigated using nine microsatellite (SSR) markers. Fourteen breeders accessions from Experimental Center “El Recreo”, INTA, Nicaragua, two Criollos accession from CATIE, Costa Rica, and two accessions from Ecuador were included as reference material. The average PIC value (0.78) indicated a high power of discrimination for the nine loci used. A total of 155 alleles were detected at the nine loci. The number of alleles per marker ranged from 10 to 22 with a means of 17.22 alleles per locus. A heterozygosity deficiency (HExp < HObs) was registered for all microsatellite loci. The average expected heterozygosity was=0.68 among Nicaraguan farmers accessions. The Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed a low level of differentiation among populations. The genetic distances determined for the groups of farmers accessions RAAS and Pacifico Sur are closely similar, while a great genetic distance was observed between RAAN and RAAS groups. The cluster analysis presented a strong genetic relation between the Criollo 13 from CATIE and farmers accession MAT0404. The principal component analysis showed that 7 farmers accession from Nicaragua are genetically related with the accessions Criollo 13 and Yucatan from the international accessions. The present study suggested a good possibility to select farmers accessions to be included in breeding programs, especially those accessions related to know Criollo accessions.
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(2014)Genetic variation within a population is shaped by the life history traits of the species and the properties of the surrounding ecosystem. It is an important factor in the preservation of populations. According to the emerging field of community genetics, genetic variation within a population of one species may also influence the dynamics and diversity of associated species, extending the conservational relevance of intraspecific genetic diversity. Finnish populations of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) offer an interesting study system for population genetics. Q. robur grows in south-western Finland at the northern limit of its natural range. Here, its distribution has been shaped by long-term climatic and geological changes as well as by human disturbance, and the current populations are small and strongly fragmented. As Q. robur supports a high diversity of associated species, it is considered to have great ecological and conservational importance. In this thesis, I studied the amount and distribution of genetic diversity within and among three Q. robur populations in south-western Finland using population genetic parameters. I also described the spatial and temporal sub-population structure of one population, on the island of Wattkast. The genetic data was based on 15 nuclear microsatellite loci. Additionally, I examined the effect of the genetic diversity and genotypic identity of the oaks within Wattkast on associated herbivore communities. In the analysis, I used observational data from two years. As predicted for widespread, long-lived tree species, the microsatellite loci showed high levels of diversity within the populations, but also significant differentiation among them. This may be due to fragmentation and to the marginality of the populations. Within the population on Wattkast, I observed patterns of spatial and temporal sub-population differentiation. The characteristics of the site, including the ongoing shift to less extensive land use, suggest that the population is in genetic disequilibrium. As both the genetic distance and the community dissimilarity between pairs of trees increased with increasing geographic distance, I could not conclude the genotypic identity of the host trees to have an effect on the herbivore community structure. However, higher heterozygosity was associated with higher richness and abundance of species. This result supports the notion that intraspecific genetic variation may increase associated species richness. Based on the results of my study, both the life history traits of the species and the historic habitat changes may be observed in the genetic structure of Q. robur populations in Finland. The results also suggest that preservation of genetic variation within the remaining stands may be a factor not only in the preservation of these populations, but also in the conservation of associated species diversity.
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(2020)Five wild sea buckthorn populations in Finland were studied using 8 SSR markers to reveal genetic diversity within and among populations. Population samples were collected from four different locations on mainland and one from the Åland Islands. Allelic data obtained from SSR markers were subjected to statistical analysis and AMOVA, and rarefaction was used to correct effects of uneven population sample sizes on some population diversity indices. Results showed moderate to high genetic diversity levels, as mean HE of all populations was 0.55 and HO 0.50. Most populations showed larger observed heterozygosity levels than expected, one showed equal amounts and one population showed lower heterozygosity levels than expected. Most genetic variation of populations was found within individuals across populations (84%) and only some among populations (16%). A weighted neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree showed only some clustering based on populations. The results of this study show, that there is mentionable diversity in Finnish wild sea buckthorn populations, and that populations are only moderately differentiated. This information can be beneficial particularly in sea buckthorn breeding efforts, but also from a possible genetic resources’ and conservation standpoint.
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(2011)The aim of this master’s thesis was to study genetic diversity within and between ten dog breeds. The original data was produced by Finnzymes Oy and it contained raw data files that were used to genotype microsatellite markers. The final data contained information from 395 dogs belonging to ten fairly different dog breeds. The amount of dogs per breed was from 31 to 53. The data was genotyped with 18 microsatellite markers. A llelic richness varied between 2,0 – 9,9. The most variable microsatellite locus was AHT137 and the least variable AHTk211. Over all loci allelic richness was highest in Jack Russell Terrier and lowest in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. S c hipperke had the largest amount of microsatellite loci that were not in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium. In Coton de Tulear, German Shepherd Dog and Finnish Lapphund all microsatellite loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The lowest overall heterozygosity was in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (0,50) and highest in Finnish Lapphund (0,73). The only statistically significant FIS-values were in Schipperke in locus INU030 (0,39) and over all loci (0,11). The most distant breeds according to FST-value were Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and Rough Collie (0,34) and the closest breeds were Chihuahua and Coton de Tulear (0,07). Overall between breeds diversity was 17,7 %. On the grounds of these results the ten breeds are distinct populations. Coton de Tulear had clearly the highest amount of allele pairs in linkage disequilibrium (94) and Tibetan Spaniel the lowest amount (15). Effective population size was lowest in Rough Collie (35) and highest in Chihuahua (86). Based on many population genetic measures Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Rough Collie and Schipperke seem to have the lowest genetic diversity and Chihuahua, Jack Russel Terrier and Finnish Lapphound the highest. Reasons for different levels of genetic diversity can be found on histories of these dog breeds.
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(2011)Biological invasions affect biodiversity worldwide, and, consequently, the invaded ecosystems may suffer from significant losses in economic and cultural values. Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Balsaminaceae) is an invasive annual herb, native to the western Himalayas and introduced into Europe in the 19th century as a garden ornamental plant. The massive invasion of I. glandulifera is due to its high reproductive output, rapid growth and its ability to outcompete native species. In Finland, the first observations regarding the presence of I. glandulifera date from the year 1947, and today it is considered a serious problem in riparian habitats. The aim of this master’s thesis research is to reveal the population genetic structure of I. glandulifera in Finland and to find out whether there have been one or multiple invasions in Finland. The study focuses on investigating the origin of I. glandulifera in Southern Finland, by comparing plant samples from the Helsinki region with those from its native region and other regions of invasion. Samples from four populations in Helsinki and from the United Kingdom, Canada, India and Pakistan were collected and genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers. The genetic analyses were evaluated using the programs Arlequin and Structure. The results of the genetic analyses suggested that I. glandulifera has been introduced to Finland more than once. Multiple introductions are supported by the higher level of genetic diversity detected within and among Finnish populations than would be expected for a single introduction. Results of the Bayesian Structure analysis divided the four Finnish populations into four clusters. This geographical structure was further supported by pairwise Fst values among populations. The causes and potential consequences of such multiple introductions of I. glandulifera in Finland and further perspectives are discussed.
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(2018)Narcissus also called daffodil is a popular ornamental plant from Europe. It is known in Finnish gardens since 17th century, but there is no complete study on its genetic diversity. Over hundred years’ cultivation, it could happen the name of some accessions have been lost, localized or incorrectly assigned for a long time. In order to clarify the duplicates and support further genetic resource conservation, breeding program and other potential applications, the genetic diversity analysis of a set of N. poeticus and N. pseudonarcissus accessions was conducted by molecular markers. Genetic distance matrices between accessions were calculated by Dice dissimilarity coefficient and Gower’s dissimilarity coefficient, which was used to do cluster analysis and construct the dendrogram. Dendrograms of microsatellite data and ISSR data were draw by R program and based on unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) to visualize genetic distance between accessions. We investigated genetic polymorphism of 3 microsatellite loci and 6 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) loci in 164 accessions of N. poeticus, N. pesudonarcissus, their hybrids and unknown species. Despite 3 microsatellite markers were not specifically developed from N. poeticus or N. pesudonarcissus, they were detected reasonable informativeness with average genetic diversity value (GD) of 0.22 and 36 polymorphic alleles were amplified in this study. As for 6 ISSR markers, we observed more informativeness with higher average GD of 0.3 and 224 polymorphic alleles. According to pairwise similarity of accessions and microsatellite dendrogram, we found 18 groups of samples might be duplicates, 14 pairs of samples might be siblings and 4 pairs of samples could belong to same family. From the analysis of ISSR dendrogram, 51 pairs of samples were considered with close genetic relationship, but only 6 pairs might be duplicates, 44 pairs could be siblings and 1 pair could belong to the same family. Two core collections constructed by CoreFinder software consist of 24 accessions and 18 accessions respectively regarding to microsatellite data and ISSR data.
Now showing items 1-6 of 6