Browsing by Subject "oxygen"
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(2014)Street trees are an important part of a comfortable urban environment. Their beneficial effects in the built environment have been documented in a number of ways around the world. In urban environment tree roots are often grown in limited volumes of soil and competing for space with artificial construction materials and technical structures. Low oxygen concentrations in urban soils are considered as one of the major growth limiting factors, particularly under street pavements. The terrestrial growth conditions are difficult to alter in urban environment. By improving below-ground conditions, tree well-being and sustainability can be significantly increased. Increased ensign of growing conditions and the awareness of the value of urban trees have contributed to the creation of landscaping applications such as structural soil. This study compared gas concentrations in the air of structural and conventional soils, used in roadside tree plantings in the City of Helsinki. Soil air samples were collected during growing seasons 2012 and 2013. Proportions of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and methane in soil air were determined by a gas chromatograph. CO?-fluxes were used to evaluate the effect of the soil surfacing material to ground ventilation. Structural soil contained more oxygen in all depths compared to conventional tree soil. A strong correlation existed between oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. It seems that cobblestone coating with wide seams does not impair the ground ventilation compared to soil covered with cast-iron grate. Atmospheric growth conditions were more favorable in the structural soil; however the oxygen concentrations in conventional soil were also high.
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(2021)The geographical origin of food can be determined by analyzing stable isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen from water samples that have been extracted from food matrices. A geographical gradient is formed from isotope ratios of water constituents, due to the small mass differences of the different isotopes, which can be also seen in the growing plants in certain regions. Finnish Food Authority has established a method for differentiating domestic and foreign strawberry samples, which uses a database that was created for Finnish strawberries. To produce a representative water sample from food, almost all of the water needs to be extracted from the matrix. The aim of this master’s thesis was to establish and optimize the extraction process of water from strawberry samples with a cryogenic vacuum extraction (CVE). The secondary objective was to test if isotopic values of Finnish strawberries differ from that of foreign strawberry samples and thus be used for determining the domesticity of strawberries. The performance of the cryogenic vacuum extraction procedure was confirmed with three validation tests which tested extraction effect on the sample’s isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen, cross-contamination between extraction units and suitable sample fixing materials. The optimization did not reach acceptable accuracy as there were no significant differences between the experimental runs for the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The reason showing ineffective modelling of the design remains unknown, especially as the response surface diagram shows clearly the optimal and minimal trends of the tested factors for δ2H. However, this was not so evident for δ18O. The ranges of tested factors may partly explain this discrepancy. Nonetheless, the differentiation of foreign and domestic strawberry samples was successful with principal component analyses. However, several factors concerning cryogenic vacuum extraction and water extraction in general, such as recovery of water, sample pretreatment, sample storage, different sample matrices and coextracted compounds as well as extraction parameters, need to be addressed in future studies.
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