Browsing by Subject "tyypin 1 diabetes"
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(2010)Vitamin D is either obtained through synthesis in the skin due to UVB-light (290-315 nm) or from the diet. The hydroxylased metabolite 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is the metabolite to measure when vitamin D status wants to be determined. The active form of vitamin D is 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)?D) which interacts with a large set of tissue cells (especially bone) through its nuclear receptor the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteoporosis or osteomalacia in adults. Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease which is caused by the destruction of the pancreatic ?-cells. The disease has genetic and environmental features but the whole mechanism of disease development is still unknown. The prevalence of T1D is constantly growing in the whole world. Therefore it is important to study possible environmental factors that can eventually serve as pathogenesis modifiers. Vitamin D and T1D have been associated among others because there is a seasonal and geographical variation in T1D incidence, more cases have been identified in the North and during winter. The aim of this study was to investigate if the serum 25(OH)D status during first trimester of pregnancy is associated with T1D development in the offspring. The subjects where mothers of T1D children (N=310) and the controls were mothers of healthy children (N=310). Serum samples were obtained from the Finnish Maternity Cohort (FMC) and analyzed for S-25(OH)D. S- 25(OH)D measurement was performed with an indirect enzyme immunoassay (EIA). No significant (p>0.05) difference was seen between S-25(OH)D mean concentrations in cases and controls. The mean concentration of cases was 43.3 ± 15.9 nmol/l and 43.0 ± 15.5 nmol/l (mean ± standard deviation (SD)) of controls. Insufficient and deficient S- 25(OH)D status was seen in 72% of the whole study population. As a result of this study it has been shown that the S-25(OH)D status during first trimester of pregnancy is not associated with T1D development in the offspring. Samples from later stages of pregnancy could be analyzed to determine if the overall status during pregnancy has an effect on T1D development in the offspring. Considering the possible health outcomes of vitamin D insufficiency, recommended vitamin D supplementation should be raised to improve maternal and fetal health.
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(2013)For patients with type 1 diabetes maintaining normal blood glucose concentration and avoiding hypoglycemia during physical activity can be difficult. Diabetes may also affect other physiological responses related to exercise, e.g. local muscle oxygenation. Right preparation for exercise and carbohydrate consumption during exercise could help type 1 diabetics to perform physical activity as recommended. The objective of this exploratory study was to compare the effects of water, sports drink and blackcurrant juice on blood glucose concentration, oxidative stress and muscle oxygenation in type 1 diabetic and healthy men during moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Five type 1 diabetic and six age-matched healthy men (age18–45 y) participated in the study. The volunteers performed three 1 h exercise tests on cycle ergometer at their previously measured aerobic threshold intensity. During the tests, the subjects drank in randomized order a total of 0.13 dl/kg of water, sports drink or blackcurrant juice. The sports drink and juice contained carbohydrates 5.8 g / 100 g. Capillary blood glucose, whole blood reduced and oxidized glutathione (a marker of oxidative stress), plasma nitrate and nitrite (a marker of nitric oxide) and local active and inactive muscle oxygenation (by near infrared spectroscopy) were measured. In addition, alveolar gas exchange and cardiac output were measured. Exercise sessions of type 1 diabetics were stopped if capillary blood glucose declined below 5.0 mmol/l. Statistical analysis were performed using general estimation equations. Results were considered significant if p<0.05. Capillary blood glucose concentration in type 1 diabetics declined with each drink (p<0.05). The concentrations before and after cycle ergometer exercise [mean (standard deviation)] were: water 9.44 (2.27) and 5.76 (3.05) mmol/l, sports drink 7.58 (1.46) and 5.74 (1.43) mmol/l and juice 7.96 (1.15) and 5.62 (0.82) mmol/l. One or more of the tests of three diabetics had to be stopped (all the trials, the water and sports drink trial and only water trial). Blood glucose declined more during water trial compared to carbohydrate drink trials (p<0.05). In healthy men, blood glucose concentration did not change during exercise tests. In healthy men and in type 1 diabetics, active muscle oxygenation index indicated that oxygenation was maintained better when juice was drank compared to sports drink (p<0.05). Also oxy- and/or deoxyhemoglobin concentration changes differed in the same way as oxygenation index between juice and sports drink in diabetics (p<0.05) and between juice and water in healthy men (p<0.05), but in pairwise comparisons these results were significant only in some single time points. None of the muscle oxygenation responses differed between healthy and diabetic subjects. Plasma nitrate and nitrite did not differ between the drinks or study groups. The glutathione results could not be interpreted as some of the blood samples had to be rejected. During moderate intensity exercise, it is challenging for type 1 diabetics to maintain blood glucose concentration within safety limits. Nevertheless, blood glucose concentration will decline less if a drink containing carbohydrates is consumed instead of water. Further studies considering type 1 diabetes, nutrition and exercise have to be carried out and this trial may offer some valuable assistance for planning such work.
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