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(2015)Involuntary displacements are more common than ever, and the reasons vary from natural disasters, wars and conflicts to environmental degradation and development-induced displacement. Typically, the victims of these phenomena inhabit the Global South, and are further impoverished due to the lack of having a say where and how to live. The lack of social justice and recognition of social development is typical in large-scale involuntary displacements, and also affects to the abilities of people to reconstruct and recover after resettlement. The linkage between forced migration and risk to impoverishment has been widely acknowledged especially in cases that lack participatory measures and proper compensation for the victims. When the impacts are recognized, it is understood that forced resettlement has effects in the economic, social, and physical spheres of life, and can be a major burden for the urban poor. However, involuntary displacement also disrupts the attachments and constructions of sense of place, which have further impacts on social cohesion. The question of community reorganization is crucial in the context where resettlement is simultaneous and combines various heterogeneous groups. The aim of this research is to examine the extent and quality of rehabilitation after involuntary displacement in an urban environment in Sri Lanka. The focus in this research is given to women, as gender is a significant factor in resettlement outcomes, yet it is often ignored in planning and implementation. Gender roles and norms in Sri Lanka are still fixed and conventional, making it an interesting approach to study resettlement and rehabilitation and the daily interactions and perceptions on them. A case study for this research took place in four resettlement sites in the outskirts of Colombo Metro Region, Sri Lanka, which is in the midst of significant urban development plans that aim to relocate tens of thousands of slum dwellers in the need to release prime lands for investments, simultaneously beautifying the city and fighting frequent flooding. The methodological approach applied in this study addresses feminist geography while it looks at rehabilitation measures in the everyday life point of view. It utilized semi-structured interviews of resettled women as a key research method. The case study took place in upgraded underserved settlements that inhabit tsunami-displaced people and development-induced displaced people. Also local experts were interviewed in order to gain a broader understanding of the dynamics and urban policies in the Colombo Metro Region. The case evidences that rehabilitation is a slow process of adaptation, and that physical assets alone cannot improve the livelihoods of slum dwellers. More emphasis should be put into the social relations and community dynamics if participatory measures and development-from-within are to fully deliver. Also full tenure is needed in order to the people to adapt to the mainstream society. For women the question of belonging and reconstructing the sense of place is essential as they spend a lot of their time at home and the immediate environment, and are traditionally in charge of homemaking. Therefore the sense of place and community are essential in the creation of social cohesion and management of the new neighborhood, and along with gender sensitive approaches should not be overlooked if sustainable resettlement is to be pursued as a consequence of ever more crowded cities of the South.
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(2020)Tutkielman tavoitteena on esittää, että lukion todennäköisyyslaskennan käsitteet ja teoriat voidaan opettaa ja opiskella oppikirjojen perinteisistä esimerkeistä poikkeavassa kontekstissa. Kontekstiksi valitaan todennäköisyyslaskennan mallien todellinen sovellusalue. Samalla luodaan tehtäväpaketin muodossa ainerajat ylittävä opetusprojekti lukioon. Tutkielmassa perustellaan, miksi evoluutio ja populaatiogenetiikka ovat hyvä asiayhteys lukion todennäköisyyslaskennen opetuksessa ja toisin päin. Opetusprojektin toteutus noudattaa soveltaen tutkivan oppimisen menetelmää. Oppiainekohtaisten tavoitteiden saavuttamisen lisäksi yksi opetusprojektin päätavoitteista on oppilaiden ajattelutaitojen kehittäminen, sillä opiskeltavien asioiden syvällinen ymmärtäminen tapahtuu ajattelun kautta. Tutkielmassa on rakennettu tehtäväpaketti, joka koostuu 15 tehtävästä. Tehtävät liittyvät todennäköisyyslaskentaan, evoluutioon ja populaatiogenetiikkaa. Tehtävät alkavat yksinkertaisista käsitteiden määrittelytehtävistä ja peruslaskutehtävistä muuttuen vähitellen tiedon soveltamista vaativiksi ongelmanratkaisutehtäviksi. Opiskelijalla on aktiivinen rooli tiedonhakijana, ja opiskelijoiden keskinäiset keskusteltu ja yhteistyö ovat keskeisessä roolissa prosessissa, jonka tavoite on uuden tiedon rakentaminen.
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(2014)The study of obesity has drawn wide-spread interest because of its far-reaching consequences. Obesity is on the rise and has been linked to several clinical complications such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Obesity is defined as a condition in which body mass index (BMI) is greater than 3m2/kg. BMI itself is highly heritable with the rate of heritability in twin and adoption studies ranging from 45%–85%. The study was designed to analyze the differences in gene expression in MZ twin pairs discordant for BMI. A total of 26 twin pairs were selected based on a within-pair BMI difference of more than 3 kg/m2 when compared to his or her twin. The twins for this study belonged to either FinnTwin16 (birth cohort 1975-1979) or FinnTwin12 (birth cohort 1983-1987). Samples were extracted from the participants and used in microarray experiments. The resulting data was processed using various packages of the Bioconductor software. The quality control process identified one sample as faulty and as a result the sample as well as the sample of the twin were discarded. This resulted in a sample size of 50 twins. Differential analysis carried out using the limma package of Bioconductor revealed 980 genes that were differentially expressed. These genes were then processed further in the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) tool as well as the BiNGO tool. This revealed the molecular networks, gene pathways and gene annotations that were pertinent to the genes uploaded. IPA also provided a list of functions and diseases these genes were involved in. As the final step, the prevalent themes across these results were summarized. This analysis provided many leads that should be investigated further in future studies. It is suggested that future studies start with precise, concrete biological questions that narrow down the scope of biological analysis. This is in view of the extensive amount of data available via microarray studies and the myriad of hypothesizes that can be investigated.
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(2024)Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a clonal hematopoietic disease characterized by an abnormal increase of platelets in the circulation, with increased risk of thrombosis and hemorrhage. Despite megakaryocytes having a central role in the disease, few studies have investigated their gene expression in ET. The aim of this study is to characterize the gene expression profiles of megakaryocytes from ET patients harboring different driver mutations, and increase the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of the disease. In this study, samples were obtained from healthy donors and ET patients with JAK2 V617F, CALR Type I, CALR Type II driver mutations and triple-negative patients. Following megakaryocyte culture from peripheral blood and RNA sequencing, the data was pre-processed and analyzed using differential gene expression analysis. The downstream analysis was conducted using pathway enrichment analysis tools. The analysis revealed that all mutants shared common deregulated genes related to processes involving platelets and coagulation. However, it was shown that CALR and JAK2 V617F mutants also have distinct patterns of gene expression. CALR Type I mutants had a unique gene expression signature consisting of genes related to immune response, as well as metabolic, regulatory, proliferative, and inflammatory pathways, while CALR Type II mutants had unique genes related to ribosomes. The CALR mutants also shared a common anti-inflammatory response signature which set them apart from JAK2 V617F mutants. In conclusion, this study shows that the gene expression profiles of ET mutants are heterogeneous. Moreover, the results provide new insights into the gene expression profiles of CALR mutants that distinguish them from the other mutants. Further experiments using single-cell RNA sequencing methods could build upon these findings and uncover the observed gene expression discrepancies between CALR and JAK2 mutants with increased accuracy.
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(2020)Predicting patient deterioration in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) effectively is a critical health care task serving patient health and resource allocation. At times, the task may be highly complex for a physician, yet high-stakes and time-critical decisions need to be made based on it. In this work, we investigate the ability of a set of machine learning models to algorithimically predict future occurrence of in hospital death based on Electronic Health Record (EHR) data of ICU-patients. For one, we will assess the generalizability of the models. We do this by evaluating the models on hospitals the data of which has not been considered when training the models. For another, we consider the case in which we have access to some EHR data for the patients treated at a hospital of interest. In this setting, we assess how EHR data from other hospitals can be used in the optimal way to improve the prediction accuracy. This study is important for the deployment and integration of such predictive models in practice, e.g., for real-time algorithmic deterioration prediction for clinical decision support. In order to address these questions, we use the eICU collaborative research database, which is a database containing EHRs of patients treated at a heterogeneous collection of hospitals in the United States. In this work, we use the patient demographics, vital signs and Glasgow coma score as the predictors. We devise and describe three computational experiments to test the generalization in different ways. The used models are the random forest, gradient boosted trees and long short-term memory network. In our first experiment concerning the generalization, we show that, with the chosen limited set of predictors, the models generalize reasonably across hospitals but that only a small data mismatch is observed. Moreover, with this setting, our second experiment shows that the model performance does not significantly improve when increasing the heterogeneity of the training set. Given these observations, our third experiment shows that
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(2022)The focus of this work is to efficiently sample from a given target distribution using Monte Carlo Makov Chain (MCMC). This work presents No-U-Turn Sampler Lagrangian Monte Carlo with the Monge metric. It is an efficient MCMC sampler, with adaptive metric, fast computations and with no need to hand-tune the hyperparameters of the algorithm, since the parameters are automatically adapted by extending the No-U-Turn Sampler (NUTS) to Lagrangian Monte Carlo (LMC). This work begins by giving an introduction of differential geometry concepts. The Monge metric is then constructed step by step, carefully derived from the theory of differential geometry giving a formulation that is not restricted to LMC, instead, it is applicable to any problem where a Riemannian metric of the target function comes into play. The main idea of the metric is that it naturally encodes the geometric properties given by the manifold constructed from the graph of the function when embedded in higher dimensional Euclidean space. Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) and LMC are MCMC samplers that work on differential geometry manifolds. We introduce the LMC sampler as an alternative to Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC). HMC assumes that the metric structure of the manifold encoded in the Riemannian metric to stay constant, whereas LMC allows the metric to vary dependent on position, thus, being able to sample from regions of the target distribution which are problematic to HMC. The choice of metric affects the running time of LMC, by including the Monge metric into LMC the algorithm becomes computationally faster. By generalizing the No-U-Turn Sampler to LMC, we build the NUTS-LMC algorithm. The resulting algorithm is able to estimate the hyperparameters automatically. The NUTS algorithm is constructed with a distance based stopping criterion, which can be replaced by another stopping criteria. Additionally, we run LMC-Monge and NUTS-LMC for a series of traditionally challenging target distributions comparing the results with HMC and NUTS-HMC. The main contribution of this work is the extension of NUTS to generalized NUTS, which is applicable to LMC. It is found that LMC with Monge explores regions of target distribution which HMC is unable to. Furthermore, generalized NUTS eliminates the need to choose the hyperparameters. NUTS-LMC makes the sampler ready to use for scientific applications since the only need is to specify a twice differentiable target function, thus, making it user friendly for someone who does not wish to know the theoretical and technical details beneath the sampler.
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(2018)Mid-Proterozoic mafic dyke swarms in southern Finland are associated with rapakivi magmatism. The dyke swarms are commonly referred to as “Subjotnian” (1.64–1.54 Ga), being older than the rift-filling Jotnian sandstones. Mafic rocks from five dyke swarms located in Åland, Satakunta, Häme, Suomenniemi and Sipoo were studied in this thesis. An X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was made of 110 rock samples from 101 mafic dykes and one mafic intrusion. The analyses were made of the same rock samples as previous paleomagnetic studies. Overall, the Subjotnian mafic dykes in southern Finland are hyperstene-normative tholeiitic basalts or basaltic andesites with varying MgO contents (3–15 wt%). Some dykes show alkaline features with higher total alkali and/or Nb/Y values. They vary from quartz- to olivine-normative types. The dykes of the Åland swarm form two geohemical groups. The division is accompanied with a switch in magnetic polarity and distinct virtual geomagnetic pole positions. These observations imply that two separate magmatic events/pulses that have an age difference have taken place in Åland. The Satakunta dykes form two geochemical groups of which the other includes presumably Svecofennian dykes that show high Nb/Y values at given Zr/Y ratios. The dykes of the Häme swarm form three geochemical groups. Although some Suomenniemi dykes show geochemical and paleomagnetic affinities to Häme dykes, they probably represent a distinct igneous event of the event that formed the nearby Häme swarm. The Sipoo dykes are very homogeneous in their geochemistry and can be distinguished from the emplacement events that formed the other Subjotnian swarms. The Subjotnian dyke swarms in southern Finland that are believed to have emplacement ages of >1.63 Ga (Häme, Suomenniemi and Sipoo swarms in S-SE Finland) generally have higher Nb/Y (and Zr/Y) values than the dyke swarms that are believed to record younger magmatic events at <1.58 Ga (Åland and Satakunta swarms in SW Finland). Some Satakunta dykes, however, have geochemical and/or paleomagnetic implications that suggest they have an older Subjotnian age than the dated 1.57 Ga dyke in Satakunta. Further chronological work on the Satakunta dyke swarm is needed to verify the age of the dykes. Many of the Subjotnian dykes show a secondary magnetization component, called the “B-component”, whose direction is always close to, but distinct of, the Present Earth Field (PEF) at the sampling location. There was no correlation between the B-component and the magma types of the dykes. The B-component occurs mostly in dykes that are very altered. Thus, the results support previous suggestions that the B-component formed due to hydrothermal alteration of the rocks and the subsequent formation of new magnetic minerals.
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(2020)The oldest rocks in Finland are the Archaean grey gneisses of eastern and northern Finland. The Archaean of the Karelian craton spans about 1000 Ma of crustal growth and evolution and forms the core of the Fennoscandian shield. The Karelian province is a complex patchwork of different rock types. The individual formations are of small territorial extent in accordance with often postulated small Archaean plates. Overall, the Karelian craton is a granitoid-greenstone terrain with prevailing TTGs and younger granites, which show increasing level of potassium. The craton also includes a distinct sodic variety of granites that combines features of classical Archaean TTGs and late Archaean high-K granites. A minor number of Mg-rich lithologic units, including adakites and sanukitoids, are reported as well. A small number of A-type granites, syenites and S-type granites are widely distributed and of local nature only. Peculiarly, a large number of TTGs is peraluminous. The formation of Karelian craton may be explained by accretion of small plates, perhaps during the late Archaean supercraton event in a process that at least in later stages included active plate marginal processes.
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(2015)Lake Pyhäjärvi, the largest lake in southwestern Finland, has been under considerable external nutrient loading for the past decades. Rivers Pyhäjoki and Yläneenjoki are the only major input rivers of the lake and are the source of most of the external nutrient loading to the lake. The hydrogeochemistry of the Lake Pyhäjärvi catchment, as well as the catchments of the two input rivers, and groundwater-surface water interaction were evaluated using a wide array of geochemical tracers (major ions, dissolved silica, stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, electrical conductivity and radon-222). Additionally, the feasibility of using mass balance based methods to separate river waters of the two input rivers to their respective source components was evaluated independently with each tracer analysed. In the context of this study, stable isotopes alone were deemed plausible and were only usable in the River Pyhäjoki catchment as there was not enough difference between river water and precipitation (new water) stable isotope proportions in River Yläneenjoki. Employing the stable isotopes of oxygen, mass balance based modelling was attempted to separate the hydrograph of River Pyhäjoki to its end-members (new water and old water). Based on the obtained data, the hydrogeochemical content of the surface waters of each subcatchment (Pyhäjärvi, Pyhäjoki and Yläneenjoki) differed significantly. Additionally, the groundwaters were clearly distinguished from surface waters. Differences were most apparent in stable isotope proportions as well as dissolved silica, and in the case of groundwaters in radon-222 concentrations. This categorization was further supported by a hierarchical cluster analysis. Surface waters showed varying signs of evaporation, whereas groundwaters retained the stable isotope characteristics of mean annual precipitation. Dissolved silica concentrations appeared to be mostly affected by the amount of easily soluble silica in the sediment, water residence time, as well as biological uptake in the surface waters. Lithology seemed to be the controlling factor in radon concentrations, with areas of granitic bedrock having the highest concentrations. The hydrograph separation of River Pyhäjoki gave results between 66–88% of old water in the river at the time of sampling, consisting likely mostly of groundwater. Though this result corresponds well with recent similar studies in the area, there were considerable sources of uncertainty, therefore making the result best thought of as indicative. However, there was clear evidence of groundwater-surface water interaction in all of the subcatchments of Lake Pyhäjärvi, with clear evidence of groundwater discharging into the lake, lake water infiltrating into an aquifer near the shore of the lake, as well as signs of groundwater discharging into the two input rivers.
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(2018)As a part of Kumpula Campus Drill Hole Project, a 370 m deep drill hole was drilled on the University of Helsinki, Kumpula campus area in December 2015. Drilling took place on an amphibolitic outcrop, which is the main rock type of the area and part of the 1.9 Ga old Svecofennian orogenic belt. In this work, the geochemistry of the campus bedrock is analyzed, focusing on the amphibolite. Granite, actinolite rock and diopside-actinolite skarn are additional rock types described from the core in this work. The geochemical methods utilized are a portable X-ray fluorescence (P-XRF) spectrometer Niton XL3t GOLDD+ by Thermo Scientific and a laboratory wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) spectrometer PANAlytical Axios mAX 4kW. WD-XRF device is utilized in quantitative analysis and semi-quantitative Omnian scans. In addition to geochemical interpretation of the bedrock, feasibility of the P-XRF device in outcrop and drill core related studies is evaluated by comparing the methods. The surface of the drill core was analyzed with the P-XRF device. Representative samples of each rock type were sawed of the core and analyzed with both P-XRF and WD-XRF Omnian scans. In addition to surface analyses, a fused bead was prepared from one representative amphibolite sample and analyzed with WD-XRF quantitative method. Outcrop studies focused on the feasibility of the P-XRF device in in situ analyses. Compared to nearest temporally related amphibolite units, the amphibolite of the campus bedrock seems to be more felsic on average. All described rock types are connected to former petrogenetic interpretations of the local bedrock. However, further geochemical analyses are required to verify the interpretations. WD-XRF quantitative method and Omnian scans suggest almost similar results for fused bead of the amphibolite. Changing the sample type to solid rock surface introduces heterogeneity related problems to the quantitative determination of Omnian scans and quality of the results decreases almost to the level of P-XRF. Yet, the advantage of the Omnian scans method in rock surface analyses compared to P-XRF is better detection of light elements. For example, P-XRF device detects Mg, Al and K poorly and Na is not detected at all. On the other hand, SiO2 is on average detected quite accurately from rock surface with P-XRF when compared to WD-XRF quantitative method for fused bead. WD-XRF Omnian scans and quantitative application results of fused bead do not seem to differ remarkably. Broad rock type classification can be made with P-XRF device for drill core, but results cannot be considered quantitative. It should also be noticed, that the major element oxide sum values of P-XRF drill core surface analyses are quite low on average (84.00 wt.%). In outcrop analyses, different features lower the quality of the rock surfaces, resulting in even lower major element oxide sum values in analysis. Although major oxide sum values are very low on outcrops, relatively high amounts of for example Cl, S and P are detected for unknown reasons. Major advantages of the P-XRF device are the ease of use, light weight and rather good detection of for example SiO2. Developing the quantitativeness of the device would make it more comparable to laboratory XRF devices but it already has multiple features that are highly beneficial in a wide range of scientific fields.
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(2019)The Vihanti-Lampinsaari group in the Raahe-Ladoga belt, central Finland, hosts massive sulphide deposits. Host rocks are highly deformed and metamorphosed (amphibolite to granulite facies) felsic to intermediate volcanic rocks with minor mafic metavolcanics. Due to intense metamorphism, it is difficult to figure out the nature of the original protolith of hosts rocks and there is no systematic examination of the trace elements behaviour found in the literature for the rocks in the Lampinsaari region. Two main topics were studied: (1) The trace elements behaviour of the rocks in the Vihanti (Lampinsaari) group, and (2) origin of the volcanic rocks and volcanic architecture of the Vihanti group. Better knowledge on the geochemistry of the immobile trace elements in these highly metamorphosed rocks led to the more accurate and precise determination of the origin of volcanic rocks and their volcanic architecture. Igneous (Felsic-intermediate-mafic) metavolcanic rocks of the Vihanti-Lampinsaari region have all calc-alkaline magmatic affinity according to (Ross and Bedard; 2009) Zr vs Y and major elements classification by Miyashiro (1974). The chondrite normalized patterns of the trace elements having enriched concentrations of LREE relative to low HREE indicates island arc settings. There is no significant hydrothermal material present in metasedimentary rocks of the Vihanti Lampinsaari area. Meta-sedimentary rocks of the Vihanti group are largely silica-rich with the presence of detrital components. Two calc-silicate bearing paragneisses have higher concentrations of Fe which are due to the pyrite while three distinct samples with higher P₂O₅ having higher concentrations of Mn represents phosphate minerals. Negative Eu anomaly due to Ca-replacement and enriched LREE with respect to HREE is an indication of evolved source areas. Sedimentary carbonates with one rock type of serpentinite-dolomite are mineralized ones have a higher concentration of Mn and are enriched in FeO which is due to the hydrothermal alteration in the sediments. Volcanic sedimentary rocks are highly evolved in composition but show depletion in Ba, Ti and Sr. Investigated sulfide ore deposits of the Vihanti-Lampinsaari region have diverse REE behaviour in chondrite normalized patterns due to high fluid/rock ratios. Due to high fluid/rock ratios, it is more likely to lose parent texture of the rocks with dissimilar trends in primitive and chondritic normalized patterns. Positive anomalies of Eu represent ore mineralization and considered for better chances of ore-bearing rocks. While negative Eu anomalies indicate late-stage mineralization in these mineralized rocks of the Vihanti-Lampinsaari region.
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(2019)The Central Finland Granitoid Complex (CFGC) is a large (44,000 km2) plutonic core of a Svecofennian (Paleoproterozoic, 1.91–1.82 Ga) arc complex, formed from collisions of several volcanic arcs and their accretion over the Karelian craton. The CFGC consists mostly of granitic to granodioritic rock types. Mafic-ultramafic plutonic rock types are not common, and they consist of mostly small gabbro-diorite intrusions, which may have ultramafic parts. There are two distinct belts around the CFGC, where Ni-Cu potential mafic-ultramafic intrusions are situated – Vammala and Kotalahti. The intrusions within these belts were formed during the height of magmatism within the CFGC (1.89–1.87 Ga). They host Ni-Cu mineralizations, some of which have been economically exploited. The mineralizations are hosted by olivine-rich ultramafic cumulates. The intrusions formed from hydrous tholeiitic basalts (10–12 wt-% MgO) with arc-type trace element chemistry. The difference between Vammala and Kotalahti type intrusions (clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene-dominated, respectively) are attributed to the rock type of the assimilated country rock. In this thesis, three previously unknown or poorly studied mafic-ultramafic intrusions (Matokulma, Palojärvi, and Hongonniittu) within the CFGC are studied in detail. The petrology, similarity to Vammala-Kotalahti type intrusions, parental magma compositions, ore potential, and petrogenesis of the intrusions are described. Rock samples and field observations were gathered during the summer of 2017. Whole-rock geochemistry, mineral geochemistry, isotope geochemistry, and geophysics are used to describe the petrology of the intrusions. Matokulma and Palojärvi intrusions are studied in detail, compared to Hongonniittu intrusion, which was not studied as intricately. The Matokulma intrusion is the least evolved (whole-rock median Mg#=72) of the studied intrusions and consists of tholeiitic melagabbros where clinopyroxene±orthopyroxene and plagioclase are the main cumulus phases within interstitial, magmatic amphibole (magnesiohastingsite to pargasite in composition). Orthopyroxene and plagioclase are intercumulus phases in some samples. There are also mafic dikes that intrude the tonalitic country rock that surrounds the gabbro. The dikes are similar to the gabbros in geochemistry although they are generally more evolved. Trace element geochemistry suggests that the gabbros and dikes are genetically connected, and the dikes possibly represent the residual magmas of the gabbros. The Palojärvi intrusion is noticeably more evolved than the Matokulma intrusion (median Mg#=49), which is apparent in the iron and titanium rich mineral and whole-rock geochemistry. The strongly tholeiitic melagabbros are composed of both orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene as cumulus phases with plagioclase and common Fe-Ti oxide, often within interstitial magmatic amphibole (magnesio-hastingsite to magnesioferri-hornblende in composition). The Fe-Ti oxides are mostly ilmenomagnetite but both magnetite and ilmenite grains are present in same samples. Based on a few mineral analyzes, the ilmenomagnetite contains up to 1.4 wt-% V2O3. U-Pb age determination samples from a leucogabbro dike within the intrusion and granite that crosscuts the intrusion yielded weighted average 206Pb/207Pb ages of 1883.4±4.8 Ma and 1893.8±7.1 Ma, respectively. The age results are in contrast to the intrusive relationship observed in the field. However, considering the margin of error of the results, the granite can be younger than the gabbro, 1887 Ma and 1888 Ma, respectively. The age of ca. 1.89 Ga is at the early stage of the most voluminous mafic-ultramafic magmatism in the Svecofennian terrane. The parental magmas of the Matokulma and Palojärvi intrusions were evolved and contained approximately 5 wt-% and 2 wt-% MgO, respectively. The presence of magmatic amphiboles in most samples indicate that the parental magmas were hydrous. Samples from all intrusions plot similarly in primitive mantle normalized Rare Earth Element (REE) and Normal-Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (NMORB) normalized spider diagrams. Similar patterns indicate a similar source for the parental magmas. The trace element geochemistry has signatures of subduction related fluid metasomatism. The rocks are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and depleted in High Field Strength Elements (HFSE). These geochemical characteristics indicate that the studied intrusions crystallized from a hydrous, NMORB-like evolved basaltic magma, which has experienced fluid metasomatism. The studied intrusions differ from olivine-rich ultramafic cumulates of Vammala and Kotalahti type intrusions based on their more evolved, gabbroic composition and because of this, they are not Ni-Cu ore potential. Palojärvi may host a Fe-Ti-V mineralization, if there are magnetite rich layers within the intrusion.
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(2015)Climate change and the threat of an ecological collapse in the near future calls for rapid invention of new methods and tools at the service of informed decision making. Backed by academics Esri, Environmental Systems Research Institute – a multinational company and market leader in GIS (geographic information systems) have spread the word of geodesign as meeting sustainability demands in a variety of forms, allowing design processes based on science as well as values. Esri have been clear on creating a community, collaboratively developing the concept further, to meet global spatially related design challenges. The technological maturity have reach a critical level allowing new forms of fusions between geographic information systems (GIS) and design, but complete technological solutions are not yet available. In the study three research questions are answered. Two are, shortly, what is geodesign and what might it mean for professionals in geoinformatics. The study penetrates the concept of geodesign, using a qualitative and holistic approach. The components central to geodesign are highlighted, keeping the focus on the geospatial dimension of geodesign and the relevance for village planning. Village planning is a design process with deep local roots. The collective vision and will for the future is documented. The study introduces and discusses village planning according to changes in society and the demands it brings upon the villages; decentralized responsibilities and fulfillment of local democracy. The implications of geodesign on the spatial dimension of village planning is answered in the third research question. Finland-Swedish village plans are analyzed in theory-driven illustrative case study. Steinitz framework for geodesign is used as an analytic framework in a theory-driven illustrative case study. Supporting questions included in Steinitz framework, a procedure originally developed for landscape planning but now considered useful for geodesign in general, is used as analytic framework. The framework's analytical contribution is supplemented with interpretation based on knowledge of GIS, geodesign and village planning. The premise in the study is that geodesign have the potential to master a variety design processes while providing a timely concept for village planning. In relation to geodesign, village planning is analyzed as a local endogenous design process, showing high degree of participation. Steinitz framework consists of six models with pairwise relations. On the axis process models-change models a lacking correspondence in the village plans is identified, also a general lack in the holistic approach is identified, especially in systems and process thinking. The village plans also shows distinct strengths. The most prominent is the degree of participation. This means that village planning have potential to be supported by geodesign but also provide a model for citizen-led geodesign. Geodesign can be seen as theoretical and benefits obscure. In this study analytical results and interpretation illustrates what the theoretical approach of geodesign means in practice. Quotes from village plans supplemented with graphics, supporting the comparison of the similarities and differences between Steinitz framework and village planning, highlights the concept geodesign and brings it closer a real application in village planning.
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(2021)Glaciers and ice caps (GICs) excluding Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets account for large proportion of potential future sea level rise and are losing great amount of their mass in high confidence by 2100. Glacier elevation change observations covering whole Greenland’s GICs are limited to the 21st century and regional geodetic mass balance estimates are scarce. Recent development of photogrammetric software and rediscovery of old aerial photographs has been increasingly used to extend temporal resolution of glacier change studies. Besides for extended mass balance observations, historical photographs may be used in observing glacier surge events to improve their coverage in glacier inventories. In this study, 320 historical aerial photographs from 1953/1954 were photogrammetrically processed to create new digital elevation model (DEM) of the 1953 surface. Comparing the 1953 DEM with 1985 and 2016 DEMs extended the geodetic mass balance records on Nuussuaq peninsula to 63 years. Moreover, differenced DEMs were used with orthophotomosaics to identify glacier surface changes and advances and their possible relation to glacier surges. The study also explored the usage of Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM) with user defined input data for simulating future glacier changes in small scale regional setting. The geodetic mass balance results showed clear change from near equilibrium mass balance in 1953-1985 to overall mass loss in 1985-2016. Glacier surface lowering was found to shift to higher elevations along with the change to negative mass balance and occurred throughout the elevation range in 1985-2016. In contrast to generally retreating glaciers, advancing and/or surface elevation increases at the glacier fronts with glaciomorphological evidence of surging were observed on 5 glaciers. OGGM model is easily applicable for smaller regions but correcting the OGGM calibration with a fit to the geodetic mass balance data didn’t provide explicit result of the re-calibration efficiency. Historical photographs provide source to extend geodetic mass balance estimates and means to observe past glacier changes in more detail. Therefore, their incorporation in glacier change studies should be continued and create consistent datasets over larger regions. More research is needed with additional reference data to assess the reliability of the OGGM performance on a region without the reference data from default reference glacier network and the effect of re-calibrating with geodetic fit.
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(2021)Geodiversity, the natural abiotic variety of the Earth’s surface, is an essential part of natural diversity and plays an important role in providing the abiotic ecosystem services that all life depends on. Geodiversity is increasingly threatened by human activities and climate change, and consequently there is a growing importance of including geodiversity in decision-making. However, there is still a lack of studies assessing the spatial variation and key drivers of geodiversity, especially in high latitude and altitude areas, and this study, therefore, aims to contribute to an improved understanding. In this study, the geodiversity of a subarctic mountainous area in Northern Norway was mapped using remotely sensed data and applying a grid-based approach. The spatial variation of geodiversity was assessed using five different measures, and the relationships between geodiversity and several topographical parameters were analysed using correlation analysis (Spearman’s rank correlation, RS) as well as both univariate and multivariate linear regression. The vertical variation of geodiversity was also examined to analyse the variation of geodiversity along altitudinal gradients. A total of 54 geodiversity elements were observed in the study area and the number of elements per grid cell varied from 7 to 36. Four of the geodiversity measures correlated strongly, resulting in relatively similar spatial patterns of diversity. Higher values tended to follow the valley systems and cluster in the vicinity of rivers and larger streams. Topographically diverse grid cells, containing both steeper slopes and smoother areas, also contained a higher diversity. Low diversity occurred mainly on the highest elevations as well as on the steepest slopes. The majority of the univariate relationships between the measures of geodiversity and the topographical parameters were statistically significant, although the correlations generally were relatively weak. The regression models further confirmed the relationship between topography and geodiversity, and revealed various statistically significant relationships, as well as the presence of both linear and unimodal relationships. Higher geodiversity generally occurred in topographically heterogeneous landscapes, as well as in the vicinity of rivers and larger streams, where both erosion and accumulation processes are prominent, leading to a great variety of geomorphological elements and soil deposits. The summits and slopes of the mountain massifs, on the other hand, displayed a lower geodiversity. In these areas, erosion is significant, but accumulation processes are lacking. Furthermore, the hydrological diversity is generally low there. The vertical patterns of geodiversity were related to the spatial patterns since total geodiversity decreased steadily as mean elevation rose above 600 m a.s.l. The influence of topography on geodiversity patterns could also be seen in the statistically significant relationships between several topographical parameters and the geodiversity measures. There was, however, some variation in the strength of the correlations, and the weaker relationships can partly be explained by the contradictory effect of slope angle and elevation on geodiversity. These patterns were further confirmed by the fact that the regression models revealed not only linear, but also unimodal relationships between the topographical parameters and geodiversity. Although topography seems to have an important effect on all geodiversity measures, there is some variation in which topographic parameters are the most important for the different measures. To conclude, this study of a northern high latitude mountainous area shows that high geodiversity occurs in the vicinity of rivers and larger streams, as well as in landscapes with a varied relief. Topography has a statistically significant influence on geodiversity, although the magnitude and direction of the effect varies between the elements of geodiversity. To facilitate the incorporation of geodiversity in education, land use planning, resource management and nature conservation, more research is still required about the patterns and drivers of geodiversity.
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(2022)Tavoitteet. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, kuinka paljon yhdeksännen luokan matematiikan valtakunnallisia kokeita tulisi muuttaa, mikäli GeoGebra hyväksyttäisiin työvälineeksi kokeeseen. Kouluissa jatkuvasti käytetään yhä enemmän tietokoneita ja ohjelmistoja. Ylioppilaskokeet ovat sähköistyneet. On siis tärkeää kartoittaa, kuinka paljon valtakunnallisia kokeita pitäisi muuttaa, mikäli koe sähköistyisi tulevaisuudessa. Aiemmat tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet, että GeoGebra parantaa oppimistuloksia, asenteita ja motivaatiota matematiikan opiskelussa. Kuitenkin on havaittu, että tarpeeksi haastavien tehtävien suunnittelu GeoGebralle on haastavaa sekä joidenkin komentojen syöttämistapa on vaikea oppilaille. Tässä tutkimuksessa lisäksi pohditaan, miltä osin osaaminen kehittyy ja toisaalta heikkenee, kun käytetään GeoGebraa tehtävien ratkaisemisessa. Menetelmät. Tutkimuksessa tutkittiin kvalitatiivisesti ja kvantitatiivisesti vuosien 2012–2021 matematiikan valtakunnallisten kokeiden laskimellisia tehtäviä. Laadullisesti esitettiin joidenkin tehtävien ratkaisuja GeoGebra ohjelmistolla. Tutkimuksessa pohditaan, riittääkö oppilaan taidot realistisesti ratkaisemaan tehtäviä esitellyllä tavalla. Määrällisesti selvitettiin, kuinka suuri osa tehtävistä toimisi sellaisenaan GeoGebraa käyttäen. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Yli puolet tehtävistä tulisi muuttaa, jos GeoGebra sallitaan välineeksi kokeeseen. GeoGebra heikentää mekaanisen laskutaidon kehittymistä, mutta kasvat-taa muun muassa visualisointitaitoja. Laskimellisessa osassa kannattaa painottaa ratkaisun muita osia kuin mekaanisia laskuvaiheita kuten yhtälönratkaisua. Laskimettomassa osassa voidaan testata mekaaninen laskutaito.
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(2015)Tässä tutkielmassa käsitellään differentiaaliyhtälöiden opettamista lukion matematiikan syventävänä kurssina sekä matemaatiikkaohjelmisto GeoGebran käyttöä differentiaaliyhtälöiden opetuksen apuna. Alussa on lukijalle tarkoitettu kertaus differentiaaliyhtälöiden määritelmästä, sekä separoituvien ja lineaaristen yhtälöiden määritelmät ja ratkaisutavat. Luvun tavoitteena on kerrata differentiaaliyhtälön perusteet lukijalle, joka on opiskellut aihetta jo aiemmin. Lisäksi se on tarpeeksi kattava, jotta lukija, joka ei ole aiemmin opiskellut differentiaaliyhtälöitä, pystyy seuraamaan tutkielman sisältöä. Vaikka differentiaaliyhtälöt eivät kuulu lukion matematiikan vaatimuksiin, sitä opetetaan Suomessa joissakin lukioissa erikoiskurssina tai matematiikkalinjan syventävänä aiheena. Siksi tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Helsingin matematiikkalukiossa laadittua ja käytettyä differentiaaliyhtälön materiaalia. Tarkastelussa katsotaan, miten differentiaaliyhtälön perusaiheet esitetään lukiolaisyleisölle, ja millaisia havaintoja kokoelman kirjoittaja on aiheesta tehnyt. Tämän jälkeen tutkielmaan kuuluu itse laadittu differentiaaliyhtälöiden oppikokonaisuus lukiolaiselle. Käytännössä siinä käydään tutkielman alussa esitetyt differentiaaliyhtälöiden perusasiat läpi tavalla, jolla lukiolainen pystyisi sitä tulkitsemaan. Sen mallina on käytetty aiemmin tarkasteltua oppimateriaalia sekä olemassa olevia lukion oppikirjoja muista matematiikan aiheista. Tämän jälkeen tutkielma esittelee GeoGebra-ohjelman sekä sen soveltuvuuden differentiaaliyhtälöiden opetukseen. Tämä on kaksivaiheinen esittely: ensiksi selitetään ohjelman toiminnot, jotka soveltuvat differentiaaliyhtälön ratkaisuun ja tarkasteluun. Seuraavassa luvussa tarkastellaan yleisemmin, mitä etuja GeoGebra tarjoaa differentiaaliyhtälöiden opetukselle. Siinä painotetaan erityisesti visuaalista puolta, jonka ohjelma lisää aiheen opetukseen, ja joka usein puuttuu tavallisessa oppimateriaalissa. Tutkielman lopussa on lyhyt tehtävälomake aiempien lukujen tueksi. Sen on tarkoitus olla sopiva tehtäväpaketti, jonka voisi antaa lukiolaiselle, joka on opiskellut edellä esitetyn differentiaaliyhtälöiden kokonaisuuden, sekä ohjeet, miten käyttää GeoGebraa näiden yhtälöiden ratkaisemiseen.
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(2023)Ylioppilaskokeiden siirtyminen täysin sähköiseksi vuonna 2019 on tuonut merkittävän muutoksen matematiikan oppitunneille. Teknologia on tullut verrattain nopeasti hyvin olennaiseksi työvälineeksi osaksi matematiikan oppitunteja. Yksi käytetyimmistä ohjelmistoista matematiikan oppitunneilla Suomessa on dynaamisen matematiikan ohjelmisto GeoGebra. Tässä tutkimuksessa pohditaan GeoGebran vaikutusta matematiikan oppimiseen ja opetukseen. Tarkoituksena on selvittää, mitä tutkimukset havaitsevat, kun GeoGebralla on korvattu perinteistä opetusta matematiikan oppitunneilla. Tarkastellaan ohjelmiston soveltuvuutta kriittisestä näkökulmasta huomioimalla myös sen tuomat haasteet opetukseen ja oppimiseen. Lisäksi pohditaan, miten sovelluksella voidaan tukea oppijoiden kokemia haasteita etenkin geometriassa keskittymällä erityisesti sen soveltuvuuteen ”mittakaava”-käsitteen opettamisessa. Visualisoinnin ja teknologian voidaan nähdä hyvin keskeisenä osana matematiikan oppimista ja ajattelutaitojen kehitystä. Tutkimuksista havaitaan, että GeoGebran käyttö oppitunnilla toi parempia oppimistuloksia verratessa niitä luokkiin, joissa opetus toteutettiin perinteisellä tavalla. GeoGebran hyötynä nähdään erityisesti sovelluksen monipuolinen ja selkeä käytettävyys, matematiikan osaamisen vahvistaminen, oppimistaitojen tukeminen, ja motivaation lisääntyminen. Ohjelmiston käyttö ei kuitenkaan suoraan takaa menestystä matematiikassa, vaan siihen vaikuttaa suuresti opettajan osaaminen ja käyttö hyödyntää teknologiaa työvälineenä oppitunneilla. Tutkimuksissa tuodaan esiin keskeisenä kehityksen kohteena opettajien ongelmaratkaisutaitojen, palautteen antamisen ja teknologispedagogisen sisältötiedon tukeminen.
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(2019)Oppilaiden kiinnostus matematiikkaa kohtaan on tutkimusten mukaan laskussa. Samalla oppilaiden matematiikan osaamisen taso on heikentynyt. Matematiikan opettajien laadukkaalla koulutuksella pyritään vastaamaan opiskelijoiden heikentyneeseen matematiikan osaamiseen ja kiinnostukseen. Yksi keino lisätä matematiikan kiinnostavuutta, on kehittää matematiikan opettajien koulutusta relevantimmaksi opiskelijoiden näkökulmasta. Lisäksi tietotekniikan, kuten GeoGebran käytöllä opetuksessa on tärkeä rooli oppilaiden matematiikan kiinnostuksen lisäämisessä. Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkitaan matematiikan opettajille järjestettyä LUMA-keskuksen GeoGebra opetuksessa -verkkokoulutusta. Tutkimuksen teoriaosuudessa tarkastellaan GeoGebran käyttöä matematiikan opetuksessa, matematiikan opettajankoulutusta ja verkkokoulutusta sekä sen relevanssia. Tutkimuksen kohteena oli GeoGebra opetuksessa -verkkokoulutuksen suorittaneet opiskelijat (N=30). Opiskelijat olivat lukion, yläkoulun ja alakoulun opettajia sekä aineenopettajaopiskelijoita. Koulutus järjestettiin syksyllä 2018. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka merkityksellinen koulutus oli opiskelijoille Stuckey et al. (2013) luoman relevanssiteorian mukaisilla relevanssin eri tasoilla. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin myös sukupuolen vaikutusta opiskelijoiden näkemyksiin. Lisäksi tutkittiin mitä odotuksia opiskelijoilla oli koulutuksesta ja vastasitko koulutus niitä. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin kyselylomaketutkimusta. Kyselylomakkeen strukturoidut kysymykset analysoitiin sekä laadullisena että määrällisenä aineistona ja avoimet kysymykset analysoitiin sisällönanalyysin avulla. Tutkimuksen luotettavuutta tarkasteltiin realibiliteetin ja validiteetin avulla. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että GeoGebra opetuksessa -verkkokoulutus oli opiskelijoiden näkökulmasta relevanttia henkilökohtaisen ja ammatillisen relevanssin tasoilla yhteiskunnallisen tason jäädessä vähemmälle. Koulutuksen todettiin vastaavan vahvasti opiskelijoiden odotuksia koulutukselta. Opiskelijat kokivat koulutuksen erittäin hyödyllisenä oman työn kannalta. Tämä tutkimus antaa tietoa matematiikan opettajien verkkokoulutuksesta. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää erityisesti GeoGebra opetuksessa -koulutuksen kehittämisessä ja jatkotutkimuksessa.
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(2019)A growing number of researchers, including geographers, have under the last decades become interested in sustainability transitions. This thesis highlights the connections between geography and transitions in three ways: by critically analysing current models, by developing the geographical approach to transitions and by introducing methodological approaches for further studies. I go through three models that try to explain transitions, but choose to focus on the deep transition framework that describes establishment of meta-rules that steer long-term development beyond specific socio-technological systems and across spatial boundaries. This framework is however lacking a profound understanding of geography, which is why I go into how territories, places, scales and networks connect to transitions. I also discuss power as a geographical phenomenon and the governance of sustainability on a global level. There are signs that the United Nation’s vision of sustainability, has gained popularity in different institutions. I believe researchers should explore these signs further. Based on the theoretical framework, I show three different but complementary approaches for studying and interpreting strategies for societal development. I hope that the theoretical and methodological contributions this thesis gives will be utilized in further research on highlighting the connections between geography, sustainability, transitions and governance.
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