Browsing by master's degree program "Master's Programme in Geography"

Geodiversity, the natural abiotic variety of the Earth’s surface, is an essential part of natural diversity and plays an important role in providing the abiotic ecosystem services that all life depends on. Geodiversity is increasingly threatened by human activities and climate change, and consequently there is a growing importance of including geodiversity in decision-making. However, there is still a lack of studies assessing the spatial variation and key drivers of geodiversity, especially in high latitude and altitude areas, and this study, therefore, aims to contribute to an improved understanding. In this study, the geodiversity of a subarctic mountainous area in Northern Norway was mapped using remotely sensed data and applying a grid-based approach. The spatial variation of geodiversity was assessed using five different measures, and the relationships between geodiversity and several topographical parameters were analysed using correlation analysis (Spearman’s rank correlation, RS) as well as both univariate and multivariate linear regression. The vertical variation of geodiversity was also examined to analyse the variation of geodiversity along altitudinal gradients. A total of 54 geodiversity elements were observed in the study area and the number of elements per grid cell varied from 7 to 36. Four of the geodiversity measures correlated strongly, resulting in relatively similar spatial patterns of diversity. Higher values tended to follow the valley systems and cluster in the vicinity of rivers and larger streams. Topographically diverse grid cells, containing both steeper slopes and smoother areas, also contained a higher diversity. Low diversity occurred mainly on the highest elevations as well as on the steepest slopes. The majority of the univariate relationships between the measures of geodiversity and the topographical parameters were statistically significant, although the correlations generally were relatively weak. The regression models further confirmed the relationship between topography and geodiversity, and revealed various statistically significant relationships, as well as the presence of both linear and unimodal relationships. Higher geodiversity generally occurred in topographically heterogeneous landscapes, as well as in the vicinity of rivers and larger streams, where both erosion and accumulation processes are prominent, leading to a great variety of geomorphological elements and soil deposits. The summits and slopes of the mountain massifs, on the other hand, displayed a lower geodiversity. In these areas, erosion is significant, but accumulation processes are lacking. Furthermore, the hydrological diversity is generally low there. The vertical patterns of geodiversity were related to the spatial patterns since total geodiversity decreased steadily as mean elevation rose above 600 m a.s.l. The influence of topography on geodiversity patterns could also be seen in the statistically significant relationships between several topographical parameters and the geodiversity measures. There was, however, some variation in the strength of the correlations, and the weaker relationships can partly be explained by the contradictory effect of slope angle and elevation on geodiversity. These patterns were further confirmed by the fact that the regression models revealed not only linear, but also unimodal relationships between the topographical parameters and geodiversity. Although topography seems to have an important effect on all geodiversity measures, there is some variation in which topographic parameters are the most important for the different measures. To conclude, this study of a northern high latitude mountainous area shows that high geodiversity occurs in the vicinity of rivers and larger streams, as well as in landscapes with a varied relief. Topography has a statistically significant influence on geodiversity, although the magnitude and direction of the effect varies between the elements of geodiversity. To facilitate the incorporation of geodiversity in education, land use planning, resource management and nature conservation, more research is still required about the patterns and drivers of geodiversity.

Pääsääntöisesti maaperän keinotekoisen kuivattamisen seurauksena muodostuneet happamat sulfaattimaat ovat ympäristön kannalta erittäin ongelmallinen maaperätyyppi. Niiden ongelmallisuus johtuu sulfaattialueiden maaperässä esiintyvistä rautasulfideista, jotka vapauttavat hapettuessaan maaperään sulfaattia. Kun sulfaatti liukenee maaperän veteen, muodostuu hyvin hapanta rikkihappoa. Maaperän lisääntynyt happamuus liuottaa maaperästä runsaasti eri metalleja, joilla voi etenkin voimakkaaseen happamuuteen yhdistettynä olla hyvin haitallisia vaikutuksia esimerkiksi vesistöjen ekologiselle tilalle, ja akvaattisille eliöille. Sulfaattimailta huuhtoutuu happamuutta ja metalleja kuitenkin hyvin episodimaisesti, tyypillisesti korkean valunnan aikaan, syksyisin ja keväisin. Tämän seurauksena sulfaattimaiden aiheuttamat vesistövaikutukset vaihtelevat ajallisesti hyvin paljon. Jos sulfidipitoisia maaperäkerroksia ei alun perin kuivatettaisi, eivät maaperän rautasulfidit hapettuisi, eikä happamia sulfaattimaita tai niiden aiheuttamia ympäristöongelmia muodostuisi. Tämä tutkimus toteutettiin Etelä-Pohjanmaan alueelta, valuma-alueiltaan pääsääntöisesti joko osittain tai kokonaan mahdollisilta sulfaattimaa-alueilta sijainneista ojista ja puroista vuonna 2019 kerättyjen vesinäytteiden ja mitattujen veden fyysiskemiallisten suureiden pohjalta. Tutkimuksessa oli 42 näytepistettä, joille rajattiin valuma-alueet 10x10 metrin korkeusmalliin perustuen. Tilastollisessa tarkastelussa pyrittiin selittämään tutkittujen näyteuomien pH-arvon ja sinkin pitoisuuksien vaihtelua GLM-mallien ja korrelaatiopohjaisen tarkastelun avulla, etenkin tutkittujen valuma-alueiden eri maankäyttömuotojen, ojitusmuotojen ja sulfaattimaiden esiintymistodennäköisyyden näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin myös mitattujen vedenlaadun muuttujien selittävyyttä pH-arvon ja sinkin pitoisuuksien suhteen. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin tutkituilta valuma-alueilta vapautuneen happamuuden voimakkuutta ja metallien pitoisuuksia, ja selvitettiin pH-arvon kykyä selittää 14 eri metallin pitoisuuksien vaihtelua GLM-mallien avulla. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että tutkituilta valuma-alueilta vapautui tiettyjä metalleja (Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Co) korkeina pitoisuuksina, ja joidenkin tutkittujen uomien vesi oli myös hyvin hapanta (pH 3–4). GLM-mallinnuksessa eri maankäyttömuuttujat, ojitusmuodot ja sulfaattimaan esiintymisen todennäköisyys selittivät kuitenkin vain pienen osan pH-arvon vaihtelusta, kun taas veden sähkönjohtavuuden ja liuenneen aineksen pitoisuuden tilastollisesti hyvin merkitsevä kyky (p < 0,001) selittää pH-arvon vaihtelua viittasi sulfaattiperäiseen kuormitukseen tutkituilla valuma-alueilla. Sinkin pitoisuuksien vaihtelua pystyttiin selittämään pääosin vahvemmin kuin pH-arvon vaihtelua, mutta tulokseen vaikutti sinkille ennen GLM-mallinnusta suoritettu logaritmimuunnos. Sinkin pitoisuuksien vaihtelua selittivät parhaiten valuma-alueen muuttujista peltojen ja suuren/kohtalaisen todennäköisyyden sulfaattimaiden osuus valuma-alueen pinta-alasta, sekä salaojien määrä. Vedenlaadun muuttujista sinkin vaihtelua selittivät parhaiten liuenneen aineksen pitoisuus, veden pH-arvo ja sähkönjohtavuus, mikä osoitti sinkin korkeiden pitoisuuksien olleen sulfaattiperäisen happamuuden mobilisoimia. pH-arvon vaihtelulla voitiin myös selittää suuri osuus tutkimuksessa tarkasteltujen 14 eri metallin pitoisuuksien vaihtelusta, ja molybdeenia lukuun ottamatta kaikkien tutkimuksessa tarkasteltujen metallien pitoisuudet kasvoivat pH-arvon laskiessa. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat selkeän yhteyden sulfaattimaiden aiheuttaman happamuuden ja metallipitoisuuksien välillä Etelä-Pohjanmaan sulfaattialueilla sijaitsevissa uomissa. Vaikka pH-arvon tai sinkin pitoisuuksien vaihtelusta ei voitu selittää suurta osuutta valuma-alueen muuttujilla, viittasivat tulokset sulfaattiperäiseen kuormitukseen ja siihen, että etenkin pohjaveden pinnan tasoa laskeva salaojitus ja peltojen osuus valuma-alueesta kasvattivat happaman ja metallipitoisen huuhtouman määrää. Tulokset korostavat happamien sulfaattimaiden aiheuttamaa kuormitusta ja niistä seuraavien ympäristövaikutusten merkitystä vesistöille ja niiden ekologiselle tilalle. Kokonaisuudessaan tutkimuksen tulokset tuovat esiin tarvetta löytää sulfaattialueiden viljelyyn kestäviä ratkaisuja, jotka voisivat rajoittaa sulfaattiperäisen kuormituksen muodostumista ja edistää vesiekosysteemien terveyttä ja ekologista tasapainoa.

The topic of this thesis is participatory budgeting and its connection to the discussion between neoliberalism and participatory governance in the context of city development. Helsinki started its own model of participatory budgeting in 2018 and has pledged to continue the concept in the future. I examine whether Helsinki’s participatory budgeting has the potential to support the ideologies of neoliberalism or participatory governance. In practice, I am exploring the views from the city government and active members of Helsinki’s neighborhood associations. Neighborhood associations had a significant role in the original participatory budgeting of Porto Alegre. I used interview and qualitative survey to collect my data. Neoliberalism has influenced the inequality between regions and the so-called crisis of democracy. Direct involvement of citizens is seen as a solution to these problems. Neoliberalism and participation have a paradoxical relationship: they have received similar criticism. In participatory governance participation means deliberative decision-making based on exchange of knowledge, but in neoliberalism participation can be a rhetoric tool to cover up actual decision-making or a city branding technique. Porto Alegre’s original model of participatory budgeting is seen as a part of participatory governance, but many of the international models seem to be more compatible with neoliberal ideology. The city government has not reserved enough resources to the participatory budgeting. The execution was rushed and showed signs of rationalization. According to the interview and the qualitative survey, inequality between regions might be the downfall of Helsinki’s participatory model. The active members of neighborhood associations see the benefits of participation budgeting but only from the perspective of certain regions. Currently, Helsinki’s participatory budgeting works better as a branding technique than as a method of decision-making. It seems to be more compatible with neoliberalism than participatory governance.

Glacial meltwater potholes are cylindrical and often remarkably smooth-walled pits in the bedrock, formed as a result of the evorsion caused by eddy currents of water released by the melting of the continental glacier, and possibly also by the cavitation due to the meltwater rushing to a glacial moulin or crevasse. This study examines how the location, topography, orientation according to the direction of ice movement, bedrock and the distance from the fault lines and eskers explain the occurrence and abundance of potholes in the province of Uusimaa in southern Finland. This study also provides a unified database of potholes that have been found in Uusimaa, which have not been compiled to this extent before. The research material with location and characteristic data was collected in July-October 2020 and in May-June 2021. A total of 320 potholes were selected for the research group, of which 206 were determined from fieldwork and 114 from source data. There were a total of 116 sites around Uusimaa, where the number of potholes varied from one to twenty (1–20). Moreover, especially in the archipelago spreading off the southern coast of the study area, there are numerous potholes marked only in sporadic old articles. As some potholes were located in areas that were too difficult to reach or in private yards, for example, the work also required the use of databases and reports published by research institutes and municipalities. The above-mentioned sources were also utilized in the field when searching for potholes and later in slope and distance analyses. In addition, one hundred (100) comparison sites were drawn from somewhat evenly across the study area in order to interpret how the location and characteristic data of pothole sites differ from rock formations where potholes are not known to occur. The location and characteristic data of pothole and comparison sites were compiled into a material. Based on the data, diagrams as well as regression and correlation analyses were made to visualize the results and their interrelationships, and statistical models (generalized linear model, GLM) were used to model several variables simultaneously. The results showed that many physical geography-related factors simultaneously affect the occurrence and abundance of potholes. Since potholes are glaciofluvial landforms, they often occur in north-south or northwest-southeast queues because these directions are equivalent to the direction of ice movement. The proximity of bedrock faults of tectonic origin strongly explains the occurrence of potholes, as the faults, like glacial moulins and crevasses, were favourable locations for meltwater flows. On average, there are more potholes in the sites located on the lee sides (downstream sides) compared with those on the stoss sides or central parts, because there were cavities and cracks as well as more space between the ice and the rock in the rough and plucked lee sides. The thin, non-uniform soil and the abundance of rock outcrops have led to the discovery of many more potholes in the lower southern parts of the study area and especially in the archipelago than in the higher northern parts. A significant proportion of potholes, which were not known to be located near bedrock faults, were located in the archipelago. In contrast, inland potholes typically occurred in steeper and rugged terrain near the fault lines. However, there was a weak negative correlation between the proximity of the eskers and the occurrence of potholes, which is probably due to the fact that the formation of potholes requires faster flows in glacier rivers than the formation of eskers. Most of the potholes in Uusimaa are quite small, up to about 120 centimetres in diameter and depth, but approximately one in eight potholes were more than three (3) meters deep or wide. The steepness of the slope was most strongly associated with the occurrence of large potholes. Potholes formed on rock consisted of granodiorite were, on average, larger than potholes formed on microcline granite, probably due to the granodiorite minerals are more prone to dissolve.

Urban greenery is vital to the people in our increasingly urbanizing societies. It is diverse in nature and provides numerous life improving qualities. Traditionally urban greenery has been assessed with a top-down view through the sensors of aerial vehicles and satellites. This does not equate on what is experienced down at the human level. An alternative viewpoint has emerged, with the introduction of a more human-scale viewpoint. To quantify this human-scale greenery, novel and disparate approaches have been developed. However, there is little knowledge on how these modelling methods and indices manage to capture the greenery we truly experience on the ground level. This thesis is an undertaking to better understand what the greenery experienced by people on the ground level, termed humanscale greenery (HSG), means. The goal was to grasp how the various modelling methods, indices and datasets can be best used to capture this phenomenon. Simultaneously, the study tries to better comprehend how different people experience greenery. To achieve this, human-scale greenery values were collected via interviews at randomly selected study sites across Helsinki. These values were then compared to modelled values at the same sites. The methods and indices tested include modern approaches developed specifically for HSG and traditional greenery assessment methods. Along the greenery values, sociodemographic variables were collected in the interviews and compared to each other in relation to HSG values. The modelled values were on average smaller than HSG values. All methods indicated very strong or strong linear relationships with human-scale greenery. NDVI and semantic segmentation Green View Index (GVI) had the strongest relationships and least deviation. Land use (LU) and color based GVI had the highest error deviations from HSG. The sociodemographic assessment showed hints that age might affect the amount of experienced greenery, but this is uncertain. With a random sampling of interviewees, 25–34-year-olds and less nature visiting people were more common at sites with low HSG. Based on the results obtained here, many different types of novel methods are suitable for modelling HSG with strong linear relationships. However, also traditional greenery assessment methods performed well. It is difficult to curtail the experience of greenery into a single approach. A solution could possibly be obtained via the combination of methods. The results also advocate the usage of machine learning methods for greenery image segmentation. These cannot be applied everywhere due to data coverage problems, but alternative methods can also be used to fill in gaps. The significance of age on the experience of greenery needs further research. Because urban greenery’s benefits are known, attention should also be given onto how different kinds of people are able to experience it. In the future we should also discuss the meaningfulness of assessing absolute greenery in comparison to the types and parts of greenery.

Sosiaalinen aktiivisuudella on positiivisia vaikutuksia yksilön elämään. Sosiaalisten aktiviteettien tärkeys korostuu erityisesti ikääntyvillä ihmisillä. Sen on todettu olevan positiivisessa suhteessa monien eri tekijöiden, kuten esimerkiksi koetun terveyden kanssa. Suomen väestö ikääntyy koko ajan ja ikääntymiseen liittyvä tutkimus on erittäin ajankohtaista. Ikääntyvän väestön tuottamia haasteita on pyritty kompensoimaan maahanmuutolla. Maahanmuuttajien osuus onkin noussut Suomessa merkittävästi viimeisen 30 vuoden aikana. Suomeen muuttaneista vieraista kieliryhmistä suurin on venäjänkieliset. Tämä ryhmä eroaa muista kieliryhmistä siten, että se omaa paljon myös ikääntyvää väestöä ja sopii siten hyvin ikääntyviä käsittelevän tutkimuksen kohteeksi. Tässä tutkielmassa tutkitaan Suomeen muuttaneiden venäjänkielisten sosiaalista aktiivisuutta ja siihen yhteydessä olevia yksilö- ja aluetasoisia tekijöitä. Aineistona toimii kyseiselle CHARM-kysely, joka on kohdistettu Suomeen muuttaneille venäjänkielisille 50-vuotiaille tai sitä vanhemmille. Aktiivisuutta mitataan kulttuurisen osallistumisen indikaattorilla, joka koostuu aktiivisuudesta käydä elokuvissa, teatterissa, konserteissa, oopperassa, museoissa ja taidegallerioissa. Yksilö- ja aluetasoisten tekijöiden välistä yhteyttä aktiivisuuteen tutkitaan monitasoisella regressiomallilla. Kulttuurisesta osallistumisaktiivisuudesta muodostetaan faktori, jonka yhteyttä eri yksilö- ja aluetason muuttujiin voi tutkia. Tuloksena saatiin, että yksilötason muuttujista sukupuoli, ikä, kielitaito, koulutustaso, koettu terveys sekä läheisten ystävien määrä ovat selkeässä yhteydessä aktiivisuuden tasoon. Erityisen suuri merkitsevyys oli kielitaidolla, koetulla terveydellä sekä läheisten ystävien määrällä. Viimeisimpänä mainitun merkitsevä yhteys korosti kulttuuriaktiivisuuden sosiaalista ulottuvuutta. Tutkimuskysymysten kohteena olevina aluetason muuttujina toimivat kulttuuripalvelujen läheisyys sekä asuinalueen sosioekonominen eriytyminen. Näiden ja aktiivisuuden välitä ei kuitenkaan löytynyt tilastollisesti merkittävää yhteyttä. Yksilötason muuttujista kielitaito vaikutti myös eriytymisen ja aktiivisuuden väliseen yhteyteen, mikä vähensi alueellisen tason merkitsevyyttä.

Climate change has been identified as one of the most critical challenges of our time globally, but studies show that the adverse effects are already culminating in sensitive areas such as southern Africa. The increase in drought and extreme weather phenomena confuses the region's hydrological cycle, which poses challenges to countries dependent on surface water. The transboundary river network requires cooperation from governments in decision-making on water use. Studies show that water scarcity often leads to increased cooperation between states, but the situation is not excluded from conflict. Water diplomacy activities aimed at cooperation have been identified in Finland as an effective way of resolving water conflicts, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is seeking better implementation of the paradigm within the institution. This Master's thesis examines policy documents of Southern African actors identifying water and climate-related conflict risks. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with conflict research in geography and the basis for resource conflicts and transboundary water cooperation. In addition to the theory, the thesis examines Southern Africa as an operating environment in its own chapter. The material used in research is official documents defining the use of waters by South Africa, Namibia and two regional institutions, the Southern African Development Community, and the Oranje-Senqu River Commission. The relationship between the actors and their approach to the risks identified in the literature has been examined through content analysis and interpretative policy analysis. The thesis has been carried out as a mandate towards a Water Cooperation and Peace – Finnish Water Way project funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the Ministry of the Environment. The Finnish Environment Institute and the Finnish Institute for International Affairs coordinate the project. The study's key findings indicate that the documents defining water use in the region are outdated. In international research, climate change has been identified as a key risk in the region, but only the relevant Southern African Development Community document has comprehensively addressed the issue. South Africa is launching a new strategy in 2023, in which, according to the draft used in thesis, the theme has also been taken fully into account. According to the results, Namibia has been active as a single actor in the climate change debate as early as the turn of the 2010s. According to the study's results, the scarcity of water resources and the challenges associated with their distribution impact the region's political power balance. However, despite the asymmetrical nature of power, the initiatives taken by the actors are, in principle, cooperative and therefore peace-building. According to the paper, the region has strong institutions, and decision-making is based on both regional and international norms.

Arctic peatlands are globally extensive and long-lasting storages of carbon and are therefore important ecosystems controlling global carbon cycling. Changes in climate affect peatlands’ ability to accumulate carbon through changes in hydrology and water table level, vegetation, soil temperature and permafrost thaw. As climate warming is projected mostly to northern and arctic regions, it may change the peatlands’ capacity to sequester and release carbon as carbon dioxide and methane. In this Master’s Thesis I studied how the past climate changes are reflected in carbon accumulation rates over the past millennia. Known climate anomalies, such as the Medieval Climate Anomaly, Little Ice Age and the last rapid warming starting from 1980, and their impact on average long-term apparent rate of carbon accumulation were studied from the peat proxies. 15 peat cores were collected from northern subarctic Swedish Lapland and from North-East European Russia. Cores were collected from the active peat layer above permafrost that is known to be sensitive to climate warming. Cores were dated with radiocarbon (14C) and lead (210Pb) methods and peat properties and accumulation patterns were calculated for one centimeter thick subsamples based on chronologies. The Little Ice Age and the last rapid warming affected the carbon accumulation rate considerably whereas for Medieval Climate Anomaly period the peat records did not show very distinctive response. During the Little Ice Age the carbon accumulation rates were low (median 10,5 g m-2v-1) but during the post-Little Ice Age and especially during the last warm decades after 1980 carbon accumulation rates have been high (median 48,5 g m-2v-1). Medieval Climate Anomaly had only a minor positive effect on accumulation rates. On average, the long-term apparent rate of carbon accumulation during the past millennia was 43,3 g m-2v-1 which is distinctly higher than the previously studied rate of 22,9 g m-2v-1 for northern peatlands (p-value 0,0003). Based on results it can be concluded that warm climate periods accelerated the carbon accumulation rate whereas during cold periods accumulation decelerated. Warm climate prolongs the growth period and accelerates the decomposition of peat; cold climate shortens the period of plant growth and thickens the permafrost layer in peatlands, respectively. However, peat layers that are formed after the Little Ice Age are incompletely decomposed which amplifies the carbon accumulation rate partly. Nevertheless, permafrost thawing has been shown to increase accumulation rates, as well. Studying past carbon accumulation rates helps to understand the peatland and carbon cycling dynamics better. Even though accumulation rates reveal a lot about carbon sequestration capabilities of peat, it does not indicate whether a peatland has been a carbon sink or a source.

Aapa mires are northern peatlands of high conservation value that are currently threatened by hydrological changes caused by land use and climate change. In pristine hydrological state they are characterized by wet fens and waterflows from surrounding landscape, particularly during the snow melt time in spring. In future climate conditions, increased summer evapotranspiration and earlier spring floods can possibly reduce summertime water availability in aapa mires. It is however unclear, how strong effect the changes in the different climatic hydrological components exactly have on aapa mire wetness on regional level. Particularly spatial information of climatic sensitivity of mires is lacking. Current knowledge and large-scale hydrological predictions are based mainly on measurements at individual sites, modeling and generalization, even though climate-wetness relationships seem to vary largely from site to site. In this study, Sentinel-2 satellite imagery from 2017-2020 was used to produce regionally representative information of interannual summer wetness variability in Finnish aapa mires, and to quantify with statistical modeling the relationships to interannual climatic variation based on the observations. Monthly values for optical metrics of surface moisture and areal extent of the wettest mire surfaces were extracted for wet fen mires of the Natura 2000 conservation network (n=2201), covering the whole aapa mire zone of Finland. Wetness metrics from June and July in a regionally representative sample (n=400) of mires were linked to the respective yearly climatic data of summer-time water balance (WAB, precipitation - evaporation), day of snowmelt and snow water equivalent maximum. Climate-wetness relationships were estimated regionally for the eight aapa mire zone sub-regions with mixed effects models. The resulting satellite-derived metrics revealed high interannual variability of the surface moisture conditions and the areal extent of wet surfaces in aapa mires, and this variability was shown to be significantly connected to variation in the climatic variables. Regional variation in climatic sensitivity was remarkable. Mires in the most sensitive regions had twice as strong responses to varying WAB conditions and drought-periods than mires in the least sensitive regions. If the short-term responses are assumed to reflect the sensitivity to climatic changes in the long-term, these effects imply that aapa mires might experience remarkable hydrological changes in the future, especially in the most sensitive areas in the southern and the western parts of the Finnish aapa mire zone. The results emphasize the important role of yearly snow conditions alongside summertime WAB as a driver of aapa mire wetness, especially in June but also later in the summer.

Tutkimuksessa käsitteellistetään kansalaisuusköyhyyttä terminä. Kansalaisuusköyhyyttä käsitellään moniulotteisesti ja sitä tarkastellen sekä yksilön että valtion näkökulmasta. Teoreettinen viitekehys rakentuu Hannah Arendtin teorioiden ja Berlinin vapauden käsitteiden varaan. Tutkimus keskittyy kansalaisuuteen liitettäviin oikeuksiin, toimintamahdollisuuksiin ja poliittiseen osallisuuteen. Empiirinen osa perustuu suomalaisessa mediassa käytyyn julkiseen keskusteluun kansalaisuuteen liittyen. Tutkimuksessa syvennytään myös kansalaisuuden merkityksiin ihmisoikeuksien ja vapauden kontekstissa sekä paikan merkitykseen kansalaisuusköyhyydessä. Julkisen keskustelun analyysissa havaitaan moniäänisyyttä, jossa poliittiset toimijat ja maahanmuuttajat esittävät erilaisia näkökulmia kansalaisuuskysymyksiin liittyen.