Browsing by Author "Ikkala, Tapio"

This thesis presents a scalable method for identifying anomalous periods of non-activity in short periodic event sequences. The method is tested with real world point-of-sale (POS) data from grocery retail setting. However, the method can be applied also to other problem domains which produce similar sequential data. The proposed method models the underlying event sequence as a non-homogeneous Poisson process with a piecewise constant rate function. The rate function for the piecewise homogeneous Poisson process can be estimated with a change point detection algorithm that minimises a cost function consisting of the negative Poisson log-likelihood and a penalty term that is linear to the number of change points. The resulting model can be queried for anomalously long periods of time with no events, i.e., waiting times, by defining a threshold below which the waiting time observations are deemed anomalies. The first experimental part of the thesis focuses on model selection, i.e., in finding a penalty value that results in the change point detection algorithm detecting the true changes in the intensity of the arrivals of the events while not reacting to random fluctuations in the data. In the second experimental part the performance of the anomaly detection methodology is measured against stock-out data, which gives an approximate ground truth for the termination of a POS event sequence. The performance of the anomaly detector is found to be subpar in terms of precision and recall, i.e., the true positive rate and the positive predictive value. The number of false positives remains high even with small threshold values. This needs to be taken into account when considering applying the anomaly detection procedure in practice. Nevertheless, the methodology may have practical value in the retail setting, e.g., in guiding the store personnel where to focus their resources in ensuring the availability of the products.