Browsing by Subject "immigration"
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(2021)Finland and Estonia form a cross-border region in Europe. Unlike other cross-border regions, which share a land border with their neighbor, Finland and Estonia are separated by the Gulf of Finland. The distance is close enough to facilitate regular travel by ferry on a weekly or monthly basis, but for Estonian immigrants living in Finland, daily commutes are unlikely. Given that Finland is the top migration destination for Estonians, the cross-border region of Estonia-Finland poses an interesting case study. In this thesis, the integration and transnationalism of Estonians living in Finland are studied through a spatial mobility lens. First, a theoretical framework is proposed to facilitate empirical research. The framework jointly examines integration and transnationalism by partitioning them into separate domains: social, structural, cultural, civic & political, identity, and spatial. The aim of the framework is to narrow the socio-spatial gap in migration literature, by focusing on the interwoven nature of the social and spatial perspectives. Using data from a comprehensive survey about Estonian immigrants living in Finland, the proposed theoretical framework is operationalized for multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Three MCA analyses are performed: 1) social integration with host society (Finland), 2) social transnationalism with the sending society (Estonia), and 3) spatial transnationalism between the host society (Finland) and the sending society (Estonia). MCA results show that transnationalism and integration vary both across and within domains. MCA results are connected to one another using correlation analysis and general linear model (GLM) analyses. Correlation analysis and GLM demonstrate that for the study population, integration in the host society and transnationalism with the sending society are inversely associated. This inverse relationship carries over into the spatial domain and can be seen based on which country an immigrant does certain activities (e.g., visiting family, working, accessing healthcare, enjoying leisure time). Immigrants with strong social connections to the host society are more likely to do activities in Finland whereas immigrants with strong social connections to the sending society are more likely to do activities in Estonia. Some immigrants exhibit a multilocal mobility pattern, in which they do activities equally in both Estonia and Finland.
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(2024)This thesis examines components of an emerging topic: the interplay between immigration background and partnering in the modern Finnish context. It poses the question: how do various computational methods capture the ways that immigrant background status alters (1) the time to first union formation and (2) subsequent first union dissolutions in Finland from 1987-2020? Using longitudinal Finnish register data, the study focuses on all women residents in Finland observed from age 18 onwards during the specified period, categorized by their intergenerational immigration status. The study examines the relationship between immigration status and the two events of interest using the nonparametric Kaplan-Meier survivor function, semiparametric Cox Proportional Hazards model, and parametric survival model fitted with generalized gamma distribution. The strengths, limitations, and findings from each analytic method are compared. The results suggest three main findings: firstly, there is a clear gradient in the risk of first union formation and dissolution across women with different immigrant backgrounds in Finland, with Native Finnish women experiencing the highest risk, followed by 2.5 generation women (women with one Native Finnish parent and one 1st generation immigrant parent), 1st generation immigrant women, and finally 2nd generation women (women with two 1st generation immigrant parents). Secondly, factors including educational attainment, region of origin, rural/urban residence, and partnership homogamy based on region of origin contribute to differences in the risks for both union formation and union dissolution. Finally, despite the unique assumptions and constraints of each method, results remain consistent across all models, indicating that a variety of computational methods can provide robust insights into the complex interplay between immigration and first union dynamics in Finland. In light of the growing immigrant population and the potential influence of their first union dynamics on population change, these findings suggest alignment with segmented assimilation theory, highlighting a non-linear assimilation process influenced by socio-economic status and socio-cultural resources. The observed differences between the 2.5 and 2nd generations raise intriguing questions about the experiences of immigrant children in Finland. The 2nd generation's particularly low risk of first union formation indicates potentially unique acculturation stressors that warrant further investigation.
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(2019)This master’s thesis studies the residential mobility patterns of the “second generation”, i.e., the native-born descendants of immigrants, in Finnish cities. The focus of the study is on the first-time departures from the parental home, and especially on their timing and destination neighbourhood types, which will be reflected through the theoretical framework of spatial integration. The study aims to provide new empirical knowledge on the home-leaving second generation which will be used to reflect whether the classic theory of spatial assimilation manages to depict their residential mobility patterns in relation to the native-born Finns and first-generation immigrants. The study analyses the differences in the timing and destination neighbourhood types of the home-leaving event using register-based longitudinal data on individuals between ages 16 and 32 in Helsinki, Tampere and Turku regions over the period 1999–2015. The neighbourhoods are classified either as concentrations or non-concentrations based on their share of inhabitants with an immigrant background. The study employs mainly discrete-time event-history methods in analysis. The impacts of the demographic and socioeconomic attributes on the home-leaving patterns are evaluated with logistic regression analysis. The results suggest a general similarity of residential mobility patterns for the home-leaving second generation and their native-born Finnish peers while the first-generation immigrants remain a distinct group, especially by moving more often to concentrations compared to the two other groups. Among the second generation, the classic straight-line assimilation theory manages to depict the best the home-leaving patterns for the individuals with Western and West Asian and North African background. There is a small delay in the timing of the home-leaving for all individuals with an immigrant background compared to the native-born Finns which cannot be completely explained by the differences in their demographic and socioeconomic background. The parental neighbourhood type appears as a significant predictor for the destination neighbourhood type; having lived in a concentration as a child suggested increased odds of home-leaving to a concentration as well. One possible explanation for this is discrimination in the housing markets which is both impacting the possibilities for the young adults to pursue their independent housing careers and the neighbourhoods where they are growing up in. The remaining differences in the timing, after taking the differences in the demographic and socioeconomic background into account, is small but significant enough to be taken into account in further studies.
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