Browsing by Subject "Sweden"
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(2022)Goals: It’s been stated that one possible reason for faster revival of Swedish economy compared to Finnish after financial crisis could be found in the differences of wage formation and Sweden’s more flexible wages. The essential difference in wage formation between the countries is in meaning of wage norm that is reference point in Sweden and minimum raise in Finland. The goal of this thesis is to provide new data of wage flexibility in Sweden and also compare wage flexibility between Finland and Sweden during 1996‒2018. Aim is also to ponder whether Finland could learn something from Swedish wage formation model. Methods: Swedish data set belong to IFAU and it consists wage information of workers between 15- and 65-years-old. R. Uusitalo has given the Finnish numbers for this thesis, and they are from Statistics Finland data set that covers workers of all ages. The used analysis are surveying the basic statistics and distribution graphs, and regressions. Analysis only include full-time workers. Results: Waged were found rigid in both countries during 1996‒2018, and especially downward rigidity was pronounced. Distributions were skewed to the right, and there were more extreme values than in normal distribution. Finnish wages were more flexible than Swedish ones during the whole survey period: distributions were wider, kurtosis smaller and extreme values were higher. More over Swedish wage changes centered much more tightly towards median wage change. After financial crisis Swedish wage changes clustered even more around median wage increase and phase of wage increases decelerated in a manner that allowed median wage change to stay above inflation rate, and real wage growth continued during 2010’s. Median wage change fluctuated considerably more in Finland according to economic situation and inflation. There was some clustering around median after financial crisis, but not as much as in Sweden. There was a positive and powerful connection between companies’ economic success and wages in both countries. There was also a connection between companies’ economic success and wage change in both countries, but coefficients and coefficients of determination (R2) were so modest that practically wage changes seem to be quite rigid regarding companies’ economic success. Conclusions: It’s possible that stricter wage discipline and rigidity in Sweden found in this thesis has actually assisted Sweden to recuperate economically from financial crisis. It seems that Finland has not been able to follow the benchmark such as set in Sweden. It appears that there is even grated wage solidarity in Sweden after financial crisis, and that is something Finland could learn and take advantage in the future.
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(2024)This thesis investigates the phenomenon of security and defence political rapprochement between Finland and Sweden in 2009-2022, exploring the hypothesis of bilateral shelter-seeking in response to a deteriorating security environment. The study examines the changes in and alignment of threat perceptions, substantive security dimensions therein, and the formulation of policy objectives in bilateral cooperation, against the backdrop of the worsening security environment owing to the increasingly aggressive neighbour politics by Russia since 2008. This research problem posits two research questions: (1) “What kinds of security and defence political threat perceptions did the changing regional security dynamics invoke in Finland and Sweden, particularly in light of Russia’s increasingly aggressive neighbour politics, since 2008?”, and (2) “What roles did the Finnish-Swedish bilateral cooperation play in the security and defence policies of Finland and Sweden during the period under study?”. Qualitative answers to these questions are obtained through document analysis, process tracing, and content analysis of official government reports on security and defence policies issued between 2009-2022. Moreover, the study deploys an additional conceptual tool, drawing from the work of Christopher Daase, to analyse the substantive dimensions of security evident in the threats perceived. The theoretical framework of small states and shelter theory suggests that small states naturally seek alliances, patrons, and international organizations for political, economic, and societal shelter from external security threats. The findings of the analysis reveal a gradual convergence in threat perceptions, and in the substantive dimensions therein, and a notable development in bilateral cooperation objectives since 2015, suggesting a deliberate move towards seeking shelter amidst escalating security challenges. The study contributes to small state studies by applying small states and shelter theory to an unexplored case and sheds light on the role of bilateral cooperation as a source of shelter in navigating complex security threats. Limitations include the relatively niche policy focus, potential data constraints, and challenges in establishing causality between bilateral cooperation and perceived threats, indicating the need for further research in broader policy areas.
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(2016)There is almost universal agreement that small states in the European Union face disadvantages in shaping European policies due to their limited bargaining powers and constrained financial resources necessary for building up policy expertise and exerting influence. This thesis challenges this view by arguing that the smaller EU member states can have a significant influence on the EU’s policies. This thesis argues that small states must respond to the changing conditions of the EU and improve their traditional polices by using a smart state strategy, which utilises small state weakness to gain influence and to counter size related difficulties. I outline the three types of the smart state strategy and illustrate the applicability of the strategies to explain how small member states can influence greater influence than expected. Illustrations will be drawn from Sweden and Finland, analysing their influence on environmental policies. This thesis will use rational choice institutionalism theory and the comparative methodology to analyse the different tactics that small states can use to influence outcomes in EU policy-making, thus I rely on existing theory to make an empirical contribution to the field. The results of the analysis show that the strategy of the state as a lobbyist is the most effective for smaller member states to increase their influence in the EU, with regard to environmental policies.
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