Skip to main content
Login | Suomeksi | På svenska | In English

Browsing by Title

Sort by: Order: Results:

  • Pesonen, Petteri (2002)
    Tutkielma käsittelee nykyisiä kognitiotieteen teorioita käsitteistä ja niiden mallintamista oliokeskeisillä tietämyksen esittämisen menetelmillä. Käsiteteorioista käsitellään klassinen, määritelmäteoria, prototyyppiteoria, duaaliteoriat, uusklassinen teoria, teoria-teoria ja atomistinen teoria. Oliokeskeiset menetelmät ovat viime aikoina jakautuneet kahden tyyppisiin kieliin: oliopohjaisiin ja luokkapohjaisiin. Uudet olio-pohjaiset olio-ohjelmointikielet antavat käsitteiden representointiin mahdollisuuksia, jotka puuttuvat aikaisemmista luokka-pohjaisista kielistä ja myös kehysmenetelmistä. Tutkielma osoittaa, että oliopohjaisten kielten uudet piirteet tarjoavat keinoja, joilla käsitteitä voidaan esittää symbolisessa muodossa paremmin kuin perinteisillä menetelmillä. Niillä pystytään simuloimaan kaikkea mitä luokkapohjaisilla kielillä voidaan, mutta ne pystyvät lisäksi simuloimaan perheyhtäläisyyskäsitteitä ja mahdollistavat olioiden dynaamisen muuttamisen ilman, että siinä rikotaan psykologisen essentialismin periaatetta. Tutkielma osoittaa lisäksi vakavia puutteitta, jotka koskevat koko oliokeskeistä menetelmää.
  • Lepola, Heini (2017)
    In this study we investigate the concepts of courage according to Finnish students of different ages, how the conceptualization of courage develops in different age-groups, how the thin boundary between courage and foolhardiness appears in the students' interpretations, and how one can learn courage. The emphasis is on students' own life-world phenomena experiences and interpretations. Our unique data consists of applied storycrafting interviews with 6 to 7-year-old preschoolers and school essays written by students in age groups of 11 to 12, 15 to 16 and 16 to 18-years. The data has been collected in southern Finland. The study is a qualitative study with a narrative approach and phenomenography. Applying both data-driven and theory-driven content analysis, we have classified our findings from different age-groups into four main categories: (a) the role of fear in courage, (b) the concepts of courage as physical, psychological, social and moral courage, (c) the development of conceptualization of courage through age and (d) the thin boundary between courage and foolhardiness. The emphasis is on describing and interpreting students' concepts and conceptualization of courage and relate our findings on the umbrella conceptualization of courage by Rate et al. (2007). We also view students' interpretations on how courage feels like and what emotions are related to it, wether they think that courage can be cultivated and what it is that students think enables one to learn courage. Social context and relationships of students in different ages emerge as important factors on their reflection of courage.
  • Gorchakova, Nadezda (2012)
    The purpose of this thesis is to explore the economic dimension of transnational engagement of the Somali diaspora living in Finland. It is suggested that the social aspect of transnational economic engagement constitutes a major force in creating and reproducing remittance practices as well as the internal diaspora structures. Another objective of this study was to show how the theory of social capital can be effectively utilized in the studies of transnational economic activities. Accordingly, the view of remittances as an act of investment in social networks, which, as a value-laden action, facilitates the perpetual process of social capital (re)production is proposed. It is further argued that social class should be considered in conjunction with gender and ethnicity as factors that lie at the centre of the cycle of capital reproduction. The empirical data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews. The target group can be described as educated and well integrated into the Finnish labour market Somalis that are living in Helsinki and its surrounding areas. With the purpose of enhancing the empirical analysis, two expert interviews were conducted. Both information in printed and online media and the snowballing method were used in order to draw the participants for this study. The research findings revealed how transnational diaspora ties are articulated and enacted in the view of social capital (re)production and remittance practices. The politicized issue of transnational diasporic activities constitute one of the dimensions that shape the way how the subjects in this research relate to diasporic social networks. The perceived dominant role of Somali women in managing transnational support systems called attention to the gendered aspect of social capital. Interestingly, the widespread perception of the scale of women’s participation in remittance practices runs contrary to the existing statistics. Another crucial observation was that not all social ties are ‘mobilisable’, or can be draw upon at any time. In conclusion, it is advocated that more in-depth research on the gender aspect of remittance practices as well as on the nature of the differences between refugee and labour remittances, particularly in terms of social relations that determine them, could significantly enhance the understanding of the topic in question.
  • Huttula, Samuli (2015)
    Lainsäädäntötoimenpiteet sosiaalisten perusoikeuksien kuten lakko-oikeuden ja järjestäytymisoikeuden osalta eivät lähtökohtaisesti kuulu EU:n toimivaltaan. Siitä huolimatta Euroopan unionin tuomioistuimen viimeaikaiset ratkaisut asioissa Viking, Laval ja Rüffert ovat luoneet oman haasteensa sosiaalisten perusoikeuksien ja markkinavapauksien tasapainottamiselle. Näissä tapauksissa EUT tulkitsi sosiaalisten perusoikeuksien rajoittavan perusvapauksia, jota ei voitu pitää EU-oikeuden kannalta hyväksyttävänä vaikka esimerkiksi lakko-oikeudesta säätäminen kuuluu jäsenvaltioiden yksinomaiseen toimivaltaan. Tutkielma pyrkii vastaamaan siihen, kuinka lakko-oikeus osana järjestäytymisoikeutta tulisi ymmärtää ja määritellä oikeudellisena käsitteenä Eurooppalaisessa kontekstissa. Tarkoituksena on käsitteellistää lakko-oikeuteen liittyvää problematiikkaa sekä kansallisesta että EU-tason näkökulmasta ja peilata sitä EUT:n tulkintakäytäntöön ja jäsenvaltioiden kansainvälisiin velvoitteisiin. Arvion kohteena on myös se, kuinka EU-oikeuden lainvalintasäännöt vaikuttavat lakko-oikeuden harjoittamiseen unionin alueella. Tässä suhteessa perehdytään erityisesti Rooma II asetuksen 9 artiklaan. Tutkimuksen metodi on lainopillinen eli tutkimus tulkitsee ja systematisoi tietyn oikeudellisen käsitteen muodostamista. Tätä tavoitetta täydennetään hyödyntäen oikeusvertailevaa pohdintaa erityisesti jäsenvaltioiden työmarkkinajärjestelmien osalta. Lisäksi tutkimuksen viitekehyksessä pyritään tunnistamaan EU:lle ominaiseen hajautuneeseen kansainvälisyksityisoikeudelleen sääntelyyn liittyviä ongelmia metodologisesta näkökulmasta ja esittämään perustuslaillisen ulottuvuuden omaaville normikonflikteille ns. lävistävä (diagonal) käsitteellistämistapa. Keskeisimpänä tuloksena tutkielmassa esitetään jäsenvaltioiden suhtautumisen järjestäytymisvapauteen ja lakko-oikeuteen olevan hyvin monimuotoista. Lainvalintanormeilla voi olla rajoittavaa vaikutusta lakko-oikeuden harjoittamiseen rajat ylittävissä työtaistelutoimenpiteissä. EUT:n tulkintakäytännöllä on hyvin erilaisia vaikutuksia eri jäsenvaltioissa riippuen siitä, miten työmarkkinat on järjestetty. Kokoavasti voidaan kuitenkin todeta, että tietyissä maissa vaikutukset ovat hyvin perustavanlaatuisia ja usein ristiriidassa jäsenvaltioiden kansainvälisten velvoitteiden kanssa. Tähän liittyen huomioidaan myös se, että EUT ei ole luonteeltaan ylikansallinen perustuslakituomioistuin, minkä vuoksi viimeaikainen kehitys ja sen tarkoituksenmukaisuus voidaan kyseenalaistaa.
  • Setälä, Tomi (2016)
    Tutkimukseni aiheena on George Lakoffin ja Mark Johnsonin kognitiivisen metaforateorian hyödyllisyyden arviointi, etenkin yhteydessä konventionaalisen kielenkäyttöön. Teorian mukaan abstraktit asiat ymmärretään konkreettisten asioiden kautta, ja kielenkäyttö sekä ajattelu perustuvat pitkälti näihin konseptuaalisiin metaforiin. Tästä johtuen lukuisat kielitieteelliset tutkimukset ovat tarkastelleet mitä erilaisimpia tekstejä, ja asetelleet niistä löytyvät ilmaisut konseptuaalisten metaforien alle. Kognitiivinen metaforateoria on saanut osakseen myös huomattavaa kritiikkiä. Tämä kritiikki perustuu pääasiassa siihen, että todisteena konseptuaalisille metaforille toimivat samat ilmaisut, jotka näiden metaforien pitäisi selittää. Metaforatutkijat ovatkin ehdottaneet, että yksi keino tämän kehäpäättelyn purkamiseen on tarkastella metaforien esiintymistä sanallisen viestinnän ulkopuolella. Koska aikaisemmat tutkimukset ovat hyvin tarkasti kartoittaneet tunteiden konseptit, päätin tarkastella vihan, pelon ja ylpeyden kuvallista esittämistä sarjakuvissa saadakseni selville, miten visuaalisen materiaalin tutkiminen pystyy vastaamaan teoriaa kohtaan esitettyihin kritiikkeihin. Tutkimusmateriaalina on Don Rosan kirjoittama ja piirtämä sarjakuva-albumi Roope Ankan elämä ja teot. Kokoan kaikki albumissa esiintyvät hahmot, jotka kuvaavat yhtä valituista tunteista sekä kaikki visuaaliset merkit, jotka osallistuvat näiden tunteiden esittämiseen. Tämän jälkeen arvioin, miten kognitiivisen metaforateorian voi sanoa selittävän nämä esiintymät, ja miten osuvaa kritiikki on visuaalisten metaforien suhteen. Tutkimuksen perusteella saavun johtopäätökseen, että konseptuaalisia metaforia koskeva kritiikki on ollut perusteltua, ja näiden metaforien taustalla olevan teorian puutteista johtuen ei niillä voi sanoa olevan merkittävää selittävää hyötyä konventionaalisen kielenkäytön suhteen. Myös visuaalisten metaforien suhteen sama kehäpäättely on edelleen voimissaan. Monilla näistä konseptuaalisista metaforista on kyllä deskriptiivistä arvoa, ja metaforilla voi olla huomattavaa etymologista merkitystä, mutta usein konseptuaaliset metaforat yksinkertaisesti kuvaavat mitä sanotaan tai esitetään, eivätkä selitä miksi näin on. Toinen merkittävä johtopäätös on, että kielitieteellinen tutkimus ei ole riittävää kognitiivisen metaforateorian suhteen, vaan tarvitaan poikkitieteellistä tutkimusta, etenkin kognitiotieteiden kanssa.
  • Rantanen, Mika (2010)
    Concordia-lehti alkaessaan ilmestyä 1994 herätti ristiriitaisia reaktioita esimerkiksi SLEY:n henkilöstön keskuudessa. Alusta alkaen avainhenkilöitä ovat olleet Hannu Lehtonen, Hannu Halonen, Simo Kiviranta ja Sakari Korpinen. Ekumeniaan Concordia on suhtautunut kriittisesti arvioidessaan Porvoon sopimusta ja Yhteistä julistusta vanhurskauttamisesta. Keskeisiä teemoja tässä lehdessä ovat olleet tutkittavana aikana yleinen ja uskon kautta tapahtuva vanhurskauttaminen, Raamatun arvovallan korostaminen, sakramenttien merkityksen esillä pitäminen ja tietyt moraaliset ja eettiset periaatteet ja näkökulmat. Concordiassa on esiintynyt runsaasti sitaatteja Martti Lutherin teoksista, melko paljon myös luterilaisen ortodoksian edustajilta, kuten Martin Chemnitziltä ja Johann Gerhardilta. Ylivoimaisesti eniten artikkeleja kymmenen vuoden aikana on tehnyt päätoimittaja, pastori Hannu Lehtonen. Kirjoittajien joukossa maallikkojen osuus on ollut huomattava. Karismaattisia ilmiöitä arvioitaessa nähtiin osan armolahjoista kuuluneen ennen kaikkea alkukirkon aikaan, vaikka samalla todettiin ihmeitä voivan tapahtua nykyaikanakin. Concordian kirjoittajat eivät hyväksyneet läheskään kaikkia Suomen evankelis-luterilaisessa kirkossa tapahtuneita päätöksiä, asioita ja ilmiöitä. Voimakkaasti todettiin, että kirkossa ei tulisi samanaikaisesti sallia sekä totuutta että erilaisia harhaoppeja. Myös evankelisen liikkeen tai muiden herätysliikkeiden toimintaa ei aina pidetty tarpeeksi rohkeana, vaan katsottiin niiden mukautuneen liikaa yhteiskuntaan ja yleiseen ja valtaa pitävään kirkollisuuteen. Esimerkiksi Helsingin yliopistossa käytettyä historiallis-kriittistä metodia parempana metodina pidettiin historiallis-dogmaattista. Opetusta maailman syntymisestä pitkän evoluutio-prosessin seurauksena ei Concordiassa hyväksytty, vaan opetettiin Jumalan luoneen maailman kuudessa päivässä. Concordiassa kirjoittajina on esiintynyt myös useita tunnustuksellisen luterilaisuuden edustajia lähinnä Yhdysvalloista ja Pohjoismaista. Tutkitun lehden merkitys kirkollisessa kentässä ei ole tilaajamäärän pienuuden vuoksi kovin merkittävä, mutta eräänlaisena taustalla vaikuttajana ja keskustelun herättäjänä vaikutus on ollut suurempi. Concordian näkemyksen mukaan suuri enemmistö ei läheskään aina ole ollut oikeassa hengellisissä kysymyksissä. Evankeliseen liikkeeseen Concordian kirjoittajilla on ollut tietynlainen viha-rakkaussuhde, vaikka se on ollut monen kirjoittajan hengellinen koti. Lehdessä esiintynyttä pietismin arviointia tutkimus ei ole kovin paljon käsitellyt, koska se ei olisi kovin hyvin sopinut eri lukujen otsi- koiden alle. Helluntailaisuuden eri opinkäsityksiä Concordia on myös pyrkinyt kumoamaan. Lehti on halunnut koko ajan perustella opetuksensa selkeillä raamatunkohdilla ja edistää näin luterilaisen uskon ja opin tuntemusta. Tässä tutkimuksessa on ollut tietoinen valinta käyttää samoja raamatunkohtia lähteenä, joita Concordian kirjoittajat ovat itse käyttäneet. Kirkkohistoriaan kuuluvassa opinnäytteessä ei ole yleensä tyypillistä käyttää näin paljon viittauksia Raamattuun, mutta tällainen dogmatiikan mukaan ottaminen on perusteltua, koska se on niin olennainen osa Concordia-lehden teologiaa ja tapaa tuoda esille asioita. Tiivistetysti todeten ihmisten ainoa vapahtaja ja pelastaja on ollut tutkitun lehden mukaan ja on edelleen Jeesus Kristus.
  • Koitermaa, Roni (2022)
    The complex physical mechanisms involved in the formation of vacuum arcs have been of interest for many decades. Vacuum arcs are relevant in many engineering disciplines, but the physics behind them is not yet fully understood. In recent years, there have been many experimental and computational studies focused on understanding aspects of vacuum arcs. This thesis focuses on further development of a simulation model to describe the physical processes starting from electron emission and leading to the formation of an ionized plasma. The FEMOCS code is extended to include plasma simulation based on previous work on ArcPIC. Emission of electrons and heating of the cathode is simulated using the finite element method, while plasma simulation is performed using the particle-in-cell method. We add evaporation of neutral atoms from the cathode, as well as ionization processes for multiple species of ions. Monte Carlo collisions for elastic, Coulomb, impact ionization, charge exchange and recombination collisions between particles are added. Direct field ionization of neutrals is included to account for ionization at high electric fields. A dynamic weighting scheme is described for adjusting superparticle weights during the simulation. Ion bombardment effects such as bombardment heating and sputtering are added to account for additional supply of neutrals resulting from energetic ions accelerated by the electric field. Finally, we add a circuit model for coupling to an external circuit. A static nanotip is simulated with different parameters to study local field thresholds leading to thermal runaway. We find that our simulations agree with experimental results. The most significant interactions contributing to initial formation of vacuum arcs are identified. We find most neutrals are created via evaporation rather than sputtering. The most important collision for plasma formation is impact ionization of neutrals into Cu+ ions, while higher-order ions are found to play a lesser role. Direct field ionization of neutrals is also found to be significant at high fields on the order of 10 GV/m.
  • Laurila, Sara (2023)
    Certain topological phases of matter exhibit low-energy quasiparticles that closely resemble relativistic Weyl fermions due to their linear dispersion. This notion leads to a quasirelativistic description for these non-relativistic condensed matter quasiparticles. In relativistic quantum field theory, Weyl fermions are subject to chiral anomalies when coupled to gauge fields or non-trivial background geometries. Condensed matter Weyl quasiparticles similarly experience anomalies from their background fields, leading to anomalous transport phenomena. We review the field theory of relativistic fermions in curved spacetimes with torsion, and the macroscopic BCS theory of superconductors and superfluids. Using the example of p+ip-paired superfluids and superconductors, we show how their gapless excitations are quasirelativistic Weyl fermions in an emergent spacetime determined by their background fields. With a simple Landau level argument, we then argue that the presence of torsion in this emergent spacetime leads to a chiral anomaly for the Weyl quasiparticles. In the context of relativistic theory, the torsional contribution to the chiral anomaly is controversial, not least because it depends on a non-universal UV cut-off. The Landau level calculation presented here is also ambiguous for relativistic Weyl fermions. However, as we will show, the quasirelativistic approximation we use and the properties of the underlying superfluid or superconductor lead to a natural cut-off for the quasiparticle anomaly. We match this emergent torsional anomaly to the hydrodynamic anomaly in the p+ip-superfluid 3He-A.
  • Anttonen, Jetro (2019)
    In this thesis, a conditional BVARX forecasting model for short and medium term economic forecasting is developed. The model is especially designed for small-open economies and its performance on forecasting several Finnish economic variables is assessed. Particular attention is directed to the hyperparameter choice of the model. A novel algorithm for hyperparameter choice is proposed and it is shown to outperform the marginal likelihood based approach often encountered in the literature. Other prominent features of the model include conditioning on predictive densities and exogeneity of the global economic variables. The model is shown to outperform univariate benchmark models in terms of forecasting accuracy for forecasting horizons up to eight quarters ahead.
  • Koppatz, Maximilian (2022)
    Automatic headline generation has the potential to significantly assist editors charged with head- lining articles. Approaches to automation in the headlining process can range from tools as creative aids, to complete end to end automation. The latter is difficult to achieve as journalistic require- ments imposed on headlines must be met with little room for error, with the requirements depending on the news brand in question. This thesis investigates automatic headline generation in the context of the Finnish newsroom. The primary question I seek to answer is how well the current state of text generation using deep neural language models can be applied to the headlining process in Finnish news media. To answer this, I have implemented and pre-trained a Finnish generative language model based on the Transformer architecture. I have fine-tuned this language model for headline generation as autoregression of headlines conditioned on the article text. I have designed and implemented a variation of the Diverse Beam Search algorithm, with additional parameters, to perform the headline generation in order to generate a diverse set of headlines for a given text. The evaluation of the generative capabilities of this system was done with real world usage in mind. I asked domain-experts in headlining to evaluate a generated set of text-headline pairs. The task was to accept or reject the individual headlines in key criteria. The responses of this survey were then quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. Based on the analysis and feedback, this model can already be useful as a creative aid in the newsroom despite being far from ready for automation. I have identified concrete improvement directions based on the most common types of errors, and this provides interesting future work.
  • Mikkonen, Sampsa (2023)
    Orphan medicinal products (OMPs) are pharmaceuticals, that are utilized in the treatment of rare diseases. Rare diseases are diseases with a prevalence of at most five individuals out of 10 000. Clinical trials with statistically robust clinical data are challenging to conduct with rare diseases, since patient populations are small and the amount of trial subjects enrolling into these trials are usually scarce. Rare diseases also represent a variety of different diseases with divergent properties (5000-8000 identified). This presents challenges in health technology assessment (HTA) when reimbursements for these treatments are assessed and decided, especially when these treatments are usually considerably expensive and burdening to national health care systems. The main objectives for this study and master´s thesis was to research via interviews with experienced professionals from pharmaceutical industry and officials as how to define, monitor and assess the clinical effectiveness of OMP treatments, how to enhance their market access, and how to develop the current conditional reimbursement system in Finland. The interviewees (n=12) all represented from their respective backgrounds and introduced opinions from their own occupational positions and frameworks based on their professional experience. The study was executed as a qualitative study utilizing semi-structured interviews with predetermined questions and themes between 6th of April 2023 and 8th of June 2023. The interviewees were initially contacted via email and phone by one of this thesis supervisors from a professional pool of individuals identified using purposive sampling. The interview transcriptions were examined and analyzed using content analysis, and they were coded and grouped into themes. When inquired, the most common opinions regarding how to define and monitor clinical effectiveness of OMP treatments, the most common answers emphasized individual clinical assessment, real world data (RWD) collection, consideration of symptom control and overall quality of life, economic effectiveness, and clinical expert assessment. Market access of OMPs could be enhanced with more flexible and bold applications for negotiations and agreements, and a need for uniform, predictable MEA procedures, parameters for treatment discontinuation, outcomes-based models, and earlier proactive start for initial negotiations on behalf of the payer (society). The existing conditional reimbursement system might be developed with outcomes-based models, increased dialogue and trust between companies and officials within the realm of negotiations, uniform and predictable MEA procedures, and already established MEA negotiation frameworks to fast tract OMP market access. Development of the existing conditional reimbursement scheme, as well as objective to enhance market access environment in Finland could be accomplished by novel, flexible, patient specific, holistic and bold systems with an emphasis on systematic collection of RWD. Uniform and predictable MEA procedures with predetermined negotiation frameworks could bring value through faster market access and valuable predictability for pharmaceutical companies in their operations. Rapid market access of OMPs could be beneficial via clinical effectiveness of the treatments, as well as through collecting valuable clinical data from the medicinal products.
  • Grotell, Milo; de Miguel, Elena; Aaltio, Juho; Manner, Aino; Vahermo, Mikko; Yli-Kauhaluoma, Jari; Linden, Anni-Maija; Aitta-aho, Teemu; Korpi, Esa (2018)
    Johdanto: Gamma-aminovoihappo (GABA) on aivojen yleinen inhibitorinen välittäjäaine. A-tyypin GABA-reseptorit (GABAAR) ovat inotrooppisia ja koostuvat useista eri alayksiköistä. Hermoliitoksien ulkopuolella olevat GABAA-reseptorit sisältävät yleensä δ-alayksikön, joka on kohde muun muassa neuroaktiivisille steroideille. Näitä hermoliitoksen ulkopuolisia GABAA-reseptoreita on havaittu muiden alueiden ohella muun muassa ventraalisessa tegmentumissa (VTA), jossa ne säätelevät välillisesti alueella olevia mesokortikolimbisiä dopamiiniratoja. Näiden ratojen projektiot accumbens-tumakkeeseen ovat tärkeässä asemassa palkkiokäyttäytymisessä ja riippuvuuksien synnyssä. VTA:n hermoliitosten ulkopuolisten GABAA-reseptorien aktivaatio esimerkiksi neuroaktiivisella steroidilla, ganaksolonilla, ja GABA-kohdan aktivaattorilla, gaboksadolilla, aiheuttaa koe-eläinmalleissa välttämiskäyttäytymistä. Vastaavaa välttämiskäyttäytymistä ei synny, mikäli δ-alayksikön sisältävät GABAAR on geneettisesti poistettu. Muiden lääke- ja huumausaineiden kohdalla ei tällä hetkellä tiedetä, miten vähentynyt hermoliitoksen ulkopuolinen inhibitio vaikuttaa alueiden toimintaan. Materiaalit ja menetelmät: Tutkimusasetelmassa käytimme koe-eläinmallia, josta δ-alayksikkö oli poistettu (δ-KO). Käytimme ehdollistettua paikka -testiä määrittääksemme morfiinin, metamfetamiinin ja mefedronin palkitsevuutta. Lisäksi tutkimme morfiinin vaikutusta kivuntuntemukseen käyttäen hännänkohotuskoetta ja kuuma levy -koetta. Tulokset: Huomasimme, että δ-KO hiirillä ei synny morfiinin aiheuttamaa ehdollistumista paikkaan, mutta toisaalta nämä hiiret ovat herkempiä morfiinin aiheuttamalle kivunlievitykselle hännänkohotustestissä. Stimulanttien kohdalla emme havainneet, että δ-alayksikön puute aiheuttaisi erilaista ehdollistumisvastetta. Diskussio: Lisätutkimukset ovat tarpeellisia, jotta voidaan tutkia, voisiko δ-GABAA-reseptoriantagonisteilla olla suotuisia vaikutuksia morfiinin palkitsevuuden vähentämisessä ja samalla kivunlievityksen tehostamisessa.
  • Järvinen, Vili (2024)
    Työ käsittelee tunnettujen virtausdynamiikan yhtälöiden, Navier-Stokesin yhtälöiden ja Eulerin yhtälöiden välistä yhteyttä ja näiden ratkaisujen välisiä suppenemisehtoja. Työn ensimmäisessä kappaleessa esitellään työlle tärkeät perustiedot sisältäen esimerkiksi heikon derivaatan ja Sobolev-avaruuksien määritelmät ja useamman tärkeän funktioavaruuden ja jälkilauseiden määritelmät. Työn toinen kappale käsittelee tarkemmin Navier-Stokesin yhtälöitä ja Eulerin yhtälöitä. Kappaleessa esitellään ensin Navier-Stokesin yhtälöiden määritelmät ja sen jälkeen esitellään määritelmä ratkaisun olemassaololle. Kappaleen päätteeksi esitellään myös Eulerin yhtälön määritelmä. Neljännessä kappaleessa esitellään tutkielman pääaihe, eli Navier-Stokesin ja Eulerin yhtälöiden ratkaisujen välinen yhteys viskositeettitermin lähestyessä nollaa. Kappaleessa esitellään Tosio Katon tulos, jossa annetaan ekvivalentteja ehtoja sille, että Navier-Stokesin yhtälön heikko ratkaisu suppenee viskositeetin supetessa kohti Eulerin yhtälön ratkaisua. Tämä tulos todistetaan tutkiel- massa yksityiskohtaisesti. Lopuksi työn viimeisessä kappaleessa esitellään James. P. Kelliherin lisäykset Katon tuloksiin, jotka näyttävät, että Navier-Stokesin yhtälön ratkaisun u gradientti ∇u voidaan korvata ratkaisun u pyörteisyydellä ω(u). Kuten aiemmassa kappaleessa, niin myös tämä tulos esitellään yksityiskohtaisesti työssä. Työssä on vaadittu laajaa ymmärrystä monelta eri matematiikan osa-alueelta. Työn toinen kappale sisältää pitkälti analyysin metodeja sivuten muun muassa funktionaalianalyysiä ja funktioavaruuksien teoriaa. Kolmannessa ja neljännessä kappaleessa keskitytään pitkälti osittais- differentiaaliyhtälöiden teoriaan. Lisäksi työssä käsitellään laajalti myös reaalianalyysin aiheita. Päälähteinä työssä on käytetty Lawrence C. Evansin ”Partial Differential Equations” -teosta, Tosio Katon artikkelia ”Remarks on Zero Viscosity Limit” ja James P. Kelliherin artikkelia ”On Kato’s conditions for vanishing viscosity limit”.
  • Pulkkinen, Emma (2016)
    This thesis looks at the development of young Finns’ confidence in education between 1999 and 2013. The purpose of the thesis is to explore how economic turbulence in the form of booms and busts affects young people’s perceptions of the link between education and employability. The starting point of this research is the rapid expansion of education in Finland and its effects on the labour market. The average educational level of Finns has increased dramatically in a short period of time. Educational expansion has not only resulted in a better educated population, but has also had its effects on unemployment levels of the highly educated, as well as the number of individuals who are over-educated for their jobs. When the supply of educated labour has come to exceed the demand for it, education no longer guarantees a job, but is increasingly necessary to better position oneself on the labour market. Previous research in the field has largely focused on the link between educational credentials and employability, as well as youth transitions from education to the labour market. Such transitions from education to employment are often aided by work experience acquired during one’s studies. Furthermore, while education alone may no longer be enough for a smooth transition, those young people with higher levels of education are still better off than their less educated counterparts. This thesis will focus more on young people’s own perceptions of the relationship between education and employability rather than observing their school to work transitions. While youth expectations of the labour market are increasingly researched, this thesis offers a new perspective by introducing the concept of ’confidence in education’. Young people’s confidence in education is still very much under researched in the sociology of education as well as sociology of work. The data utilised in this study is a collection of Finnish Youth Barometers from 1999 (N=1251), 2007 (N=1903), and 2013 (N=1903). The Finnish Youth Barometer is an annual survey that collects data on young people’s attitudes and values. This research will utilise two survey questions regarding young people’s confidence in education. The aim of this thesis is to see if there are differences in how young people have responded to these questions in 1999, 2007, and 2013. In addition to the development of young people’s confidence in education over time, this thesis will also look at how one’s confidence level in education may depend on their age or primary activity. The methods include descriptive statistics for the chosen variables as well as the Kruskal-Wallis test, which is used to analyse between group differences. Results show that young Finns’ confidence in education follows the development of the Finnish economy. While confidence in education has remained at a high level between 1999 and 2013, there seem to be clear differences in the level of confidence when comparing times reflecting economic busts (1999 and 2013) with a time of economic prosperity (2007). Furthermore, there are also observable differences between young people in education and those who are in employment. Confidence in education is higher among young people who are still in education when compared to those in employment. This is reinforced by the result that confidence in education is higher among the younger age groups than the older ones; the younger age groups are more likely to still be in education, while the individuals in the older age groups are more likely to have already acquired some work experience. These results show that confidence in education is linked to developments in the economy: young Finns had higher confidence in education during the economic busts of the 1990s and the most recent economic and financial crisis that started in 2008. The fact that confidence in education is higher in times of economic turmoil signals that the value of education has not decreased as the average educational level has increased. In fact, education seems to maintain its value, especially during bad times. Educational credentials give an individual a competitive advantage in an overcrowded labour market where supply of labour exceeds demand. In addition, the fact that confidence levels are lower among those young people who are either already in employment, or have more likely already had work experience, signals that experienced realities of the labour market may not match with previous beliefs that education better’s one’s employability. More research is needed to better examine the reasons why confidence in education diminishes as a young person ages.
  • Elkin, Yury (2017)
    In this thesis we extend topological model of planar robotic hands emerging in the field of topological robotics. This research elaborates further recent works of Robert Ghrist and others. The main purpose of this thesis is to classify configuration spaces in terms of topological and algebraic invariants, which among others provides complexity estimates for potential optimization algorithms. The thesis is split into two parts. In the first part we investigate a robotic system consisting of a single hand which can occupy any position as long as it doesn't self-intersect. Using a new innovative representation of positions we are able to treat two basic movements of the robotic arm: the 'claw' and the 'swap' movements separately. The main appliance of this part is the nerve theorem, which helps to establish that under some restrictions the configuration space of such robotic hand has the homotopy type of S^1. In the second part we investigate systems consisting of multiple hands. This time we are dealing with hands limited to length one whose positions satisfy the two conditions: each pairwise hand trace intersection is contractible and the hand intersection graph is a forest. As the local main result we prove that the fundamental group of such robotic system is isomorphic to the Artin right-angeled group, where the set of generators is in bijection with the set of all hands and relations are determined by the intersection graph. The main tool exploited in this chapter is the Seifert-van Kampen theorem. Although the results are proven only for some special cases, the thesis introduces methodology that can drive their generalization further. In the final chapter we give a few sophisticated research directions.
  • Jin, Jiawei (2014)
    In user studies of human-computer interaction, experiments on new devices and techniques are often made on experiment software, which is developed separately for each device and technique. A systematic experimental platform, capable of running experiments on a number of technologies, would facilitate the design and implementation of such experiments. To do this, a configurable framework was created to allow relative pointing and absolute pointing input to be enhanced with adaptive pointing and smoothed pointing techniques. This thesis discusses both the internals of the framework as well as how a platform is developed based on the framework. Additionally, two calibration modules were designed to transform the relative pointing input to absolute pointing and obtain the necessary parameters which will be applied in smoothed pointing. As a part of the deployment, the experiment module was made to provide a platform which allowed the enhanced pointing experience to be evaluated and generated proper output according to the results of the experiment task. One key achievement presented in this thesis is that the relative pointing devices are integrable with adaptive pointing and smoothed pointing which support for absolute pointing devices in general. Another key result presented in this thesis is that the configurable framework based experimental platform provides proper functions which meet the demands of professional pointing evaluation. ACM Computing Classification System (CCS): I.4.1 [Digitization and Image Capture]: Camera calibration, I.4.3 [Enhancement]: Smoothing, I.4.8 [Scene Analysis]: Tracking
  • von Schöneman, Katja (2018)
    Details concerning the creation of the first woman are not described in the sacred book of Muslims, the Qurʾān. The best-known passage, usually understood as a description of the creation of the primeval couple, is in the beginning of Sūrat al-Nisāʾ, Chapter of women, which mentions people being created from a single soul, nafs wāḥida, from which God also created its mate, zawj. In early Islamic exegesis, tafsīr, this notion was elaborated and the nafs became understood as Adam (Ādam) and the zawj as Eve (Ḥawwāʾ), the latter being made from the former’s rib – thus, secondarily to him. This interpretation was most likely influenced by the religio-cultural milieu, particularly its Jewish and Christian traditions. The interpretive information further accumulated and transformed in medieval Qurʾānic commentaries, tafāsīr. The present study is designed to analyze the diachronic development of the discourse in medieval Sunnī tafāsīr on the passage “ẖalaqakum min nafsin wāḥidatin wa-ẖalaqa minhā zawjahā”, described above. The time frame of the study is from the late 9th to the 15th century, thus, concentrating on the classical period of the development of Islamic exegesis. Ten well-known exegetes and their tafāsīr were selected for the study. Their exegetic accounts regarding the passage of interest are analyzed with a theoretical framework of genealogical and critical linguistic analysis. The focus is on tracing the accumulation of potential misogynous elements in the overall style and content of exegeses on the creation of the first woman. In addition to obvious manifestations of gender hierarchy, the study aims at addressing some implicatures which are likely to contribute to the patriarchal ethos typical for many interpretative accounts. The passage of interest is understood as the creation of the primeval couple in all commentary accounts examined in the study. The concept of nafs wāḥida, single soul, is interpreted as the first man, Ādam, and the mate created form this soul, zawj, as Ḥawwāʾ. These elaborated exegetic suppositions on human creation are further strengthened throughout the classical period during which a conclusive command to keep women indoors is repeated time and again. Based on the analyses performed in the study, the diachronic development of medieval Sunnī exegesis can be divided into three consecutive discursive stages. The first stage is characterized by normativization of the concept so that nafs wāḥida, single soul, becomes established as Ādam and the mate created form this soul, zawj, as Ḥawwāʾ. The woman is interpreted being made from Ādam’s rib, adding details somewhat equivalent to the Biblical Garden narrative. The second stage in the development of exegeses on the passage consolidates the normative concept described above. The rib becomes crooked – as do the women. The third discursive stage is characterized by expanding the normativized and consolidated concept. This is done by adding misogynous notions to earlier interpretations on the creation and parallelizing the creation of the first woman with that of wickedness and evil.
  • Esala, Emilia (2019)
    The use of expert evidence in international commercial arbitration has continued to gain traction and is, in practice, considered a fixture of the procedure. It is, thus, undoubted that the role of expert evidence is significant. This role is strengthened by the fact that without experts providing the tribunal with specialized knowledge on empirical rules at issue, the tribunal is not able to resolve complex factual issues that are beyond its expertise. This study examines the means available to assist the tribunal in resolving issues of conflicting expert evidence in international commercial arbitration. It builds upon the crucial fact that the role of experts is to assist, educate and advise the tribunal, and that they are only needed for deciding on matters that are beyond the knowledge and expertise of the tribunal. Before addressing the research questions, the study aims to introduce the reader to expert witnessing in international commercial arbitration by considering the definition and the objectives of it, and by discussing certain leading principles such as party autonomy and the ability to tailor the procedure. Further, the role of the expert, the influence of both common and civil law traditions as well as the appointment of experts are discussed in brief. The principal problem and main question that this thesis aims to resolve is the following: What are the means available that assist the tribunal in disputes where expert evidence given is contradictory? The said main question is approached through two separate research questions that separately, but also in a mutually supportive manner, aim at resolving the core question mentioned before. The said questions are discussed under separate chapters, namely, the first one considering the procedural means (Chapter 3), and the second one focusing on non-procedural measures and the credibility of the evidence (Chapter 4). This division is made for clarity reasons and despite certain, inevitable overlapping of these themes. The first question seeks to define the procedural measures available that may be of assistance for the tribunal as it resolves issues caused by conflicting expert evidence. These measures are discussed under three categories, to say, the available questioning techniques, different approaches that have their ground in cooperation of the experts, and other innovative means. The first category is focused on two main techniques, cross-examination and expert conferencing. The second one, in turn, discusses the use of pre-hearing expert meetings, joint reports, exchange of draft reports and the Sachs Protocol. Finally, the third category considers, for instance, the use of single joint experts and arbitrator consultants. The second research question, in turn, focuses on the role of credibility and the non-procedural means available to evaluate this. This chapter as well is divided into three main categories. The first one considers the use of legal psychology as an assisting approach, whereas the second one focuses on the individual communication skills of an expert, both written expression and oral skills. The third one, in turn, presents different models on credibility assessment and elaborates on the issues with the existing, mainly procedural, means. This thesis aims not only to present and evaluate the use of different techniques, but also the recent trends in international arbitral practice. The focus of the study is mostly on party-appointed experts as the core issues with conflicting expert evidence are typically related to them. Further, as in most international commercial arbitrations the parties have agreed upon applying the arbitration rules of a particular institute or some other set of rules, this study has its focus on institutional rather than ad hoc arbitration.
  • Isometsä, Sanni (2017)
    This Master’s thesis examines civil society participation in European development governance. Traditionally civil society has been described according to its relation to states and markets. The story becomes more puzzling when one moves outside the territory of nation states. Common for divergent theories of global civil society is that they cherish a great faith in citizen participation and its beneficial consequences in global governance. It has been claimed that over-optimism and lack of a critical perspective have obscured the meaning of the concept, and more empirical research is needed. At the same time, the discussion of global governance is based on an idea of coordination and collaboration of different actors; thus neglecting the existence of power. By absorbing a critical approach to global governance, this paper aims to provide a better understanding of civil society at the transnational level. Civil society was examined from the perspective of the actors themselves by studying the language they used. The primary data was based on the reactions of civil society actors during the European Commission’s consultation period regarding the new Consensus on Development. The data was collected directly from the Commission’s Your voice in Europe web page, which manages the open consultations. These reactions were analysed by using Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. A specific focus was placed on social roles and identities, which were named as images of civil society. The core idea was that the way one speaks also tells who one is. The analysis showed that at least three divergent images can be drawn upon the texts: a normative actor defending civic spaces, a governance image demanding stronger leadership from the EU and a professionalized expert using knowledge claims. These images are interconnected but also partly contrasting; thus blurring the conceptualization of global civil society. As the existing literature on European civil society indicated, none of the images form a clear resistance or counter-hegemony for the EU, and they more or less match the conceptualizations of a collaborator. The images differ in their subject positioning and how they justify their being. It can be concluded that self-criticism of civil society actors is needed, and civil society groups should more deeply evaluate their ways of argumentation and relations to states, intergovernmental organizations and the private sector. While establishing conflicting images, civil society is losing some of its transformative possibilities and maintaining existing power structures.
  • Kyllönen, Kaisa (2014)
    Congenital chylothorax is a rare disorder which may end up in stillbirth or neonatal death. Due to its rarity, no clear standards for optimal treatment have been established. Reports of long-term outcomes are scarce. This is a retrospective study of all cases of congenital chylothorax treated in Helsinki University Central Hospital 1999-9/2013. Information on the pregnancies and antenatal management, neonatal management an long term outcomes has been retreived from the patient records of Helsinki University Central Hospital. There were altogether 17 cases, no in-utero deaths and seven deaths in the neonatal period. 71 per cent of the patients underwent intrauterine thoracocentesis and there was one attempt of placing a thoraco-amnionic shunt. Factors such as fetal hydrops, early onset of congenital chylothorax, chromosomal and structural anomalies and prematurity seemed connected to higher mortality, as they have in earlier studies. In follow-up, three of seven patients have been diagnosed with asthma.