Browsing by study line "Social Data Science"

The EU has been in the recent decades one of the most important innovators globally. However, due to the recent events in its external environment, such as supply chain disruptions caused by COVID-19, third-country dependencies and external geopolitical pressures, its position in global innovation is challenged. These developments are often discussed under the headline “strategic autonomy”, which refers to the EU’s capacity to act autonomously in key strategic policy areas. As capacity to innovate is what crucially undergirds the EU’s economic power, the EU’s innovation policy plays a fundamental role in achieving strategic autonomy. Yet, peer reviewed study of the implications of strategic autonomy for EU innovation policy has remained thus far uncharted. This thesis asks: how the discourse on strategic autonomy frames EU innovation policy? To answer the research question, this thesis deployed a framing analysis in parallel with qualitative content analysis. This approach was applied to policy documents published by the European Commission in the period of 2019-2023. This thesis aimed to investigate the extent to which strategic autonomy has influenced EU innovation policy. Secondly, the thesis explored how the concept(s) inform policymakers about the identified problem and examines the policy justifications that arise from this assessment. The qualitative content analysis found that the discourse on strategic autonomy has become increasingly relevant for the EU innovation policy, showcasing high levels of frequency in the use of the concept in the policy area. Moreover, a closer look at the use of the concept revealed that not only is the concept invoked frequently, but has only become highly influential for the shaping of the policy. In addition, an overarching framing could be identified that perceives the environment external to the EU being increasingly hostile and competitive, complicated by antagonisms towards the rules-based world order. From this assessment arises novel policy justifications for international cooperation in R&I. Also, EU innovation policy is increasingly interested in securing autonomous capacity to innovate and have access and control of critical technologies. In terms of international cooperation, a balancing act between openness and assertiveness could be observed. The analysis also had implications for internal developments as the EU is showing a much more active role in directing funding to critical sectors to enhance its industrial capacity and competitiveness.

Tässä tutkielmassa keskitytään vuonna 2003 ensi kertaa ilmestyneen suomalainen rahapelaaminen-tutkimussarjan viimeisimpään, vuonna 2019 ilmestyneeseen osaan Rahapelitutkimus 2019. Rahapelitutkimus 2019 selvittää suomalaisten rahapelien pelaamista, rahapelien pelaamisen useutta, pelaamiseen käytettyjä rahamääriä ja mielipiteitä ongelmapelaamisesta. Tutkittava kyselytutkimus on laaja ja sisältää useita muuttujia. Tutkielmassa on tarkasteltu rahapelaamista lineaaristen regressiomallien kautta ja kiinnitetty erityistä huomiota lineaaristen mallien diagnostiikkaan. Mallien diagnostiikkana toimi erilaiset visuaaliset tarkastelut, kuten kvantiilikuvaajat ja Cookin etäisyys. Selitettäväksi muuttujaksi on valittu vuodessa rahapelattu määrä euroissa. Selittäviksi muuttujiksi on valittu vastaajan sukupuoli, alkoholin käytön määrä ja koulutustaso. Näistä on saatu neljä tilastollista mallia, jossa ensin tarkastellaan muuttujien yhteyttä yksin ja tämän jälkeen muuttujat on yhdistetty yhdeksi malliksi. Tutkielmassa havaittiin, että rahapeleihin käytetty rahamäärä on keskimäärin suurempi miehillä kuin naisilla. Myös havaittiin, että rahapelattu määrä keskimäärin kasvaa kun alkoholiannokset kasvavat käyttökertaa kohden. Tutkielmassa ei havaittu, että vastaajan koulutustason nousu 1. asteelta toiselle asteelle vaikuttaisi keskimääräisesti rahapeleihin käytettyyn rahamäärään, mutta rahapelaaminen väheni keskimäärin, kun vastaaja oli suorittanut alemman tai ylemmän korkeakoulututkinnon.

Tolerance is the pillar that ensures the safety and stability of a nation, especially for a populous and multicultural one such as Indonesia. Societal characteristics, such as diversity, may play a significant role in shaping people’s attitudes. Diversity may improve intergroup relations by encouraging positive interaction between members of different groups. On the other hand, it may have a negative influence by aggravating social tension. This thesis aims to examine how intergroup contact and diversity associate with religious tolerance in Indonesia. Due to the hierarchical nature of the problem, multilevel regression analysis was utilized for this study. This thesis also aims to investigate if the application of multilevel regression can provide any additional value to the analysis. Classical single-level linear regression was also employed as a comparison for the multilevel model and to complement the analysis. This thesis utilized a combination of national survey data and official data from government bodies. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) calculated from the model revealed that around 23% of the variation in tolerance score was due to the grouping structure in the data, which can be considered to be quite high. Religious diversity was found to be statistically significant and was able to explain a substantial amount of the variation in province level. Intergroup interaction was also found to be positively and significantly associated with tolerance score. The multilevel model was also found to correct the underestimation of standard error in single-level regression due to treating a group-level predictor as an individual-level predictor. Thus, the application of multilevel analysis provided additional value to the analysis by revealing province-level inequalities in the data and minimizing the risk of spurious significant results.