Browsing by Subject "uutto"
Now showing items 1-6 of 6
-
(2012)This thesis is constructed as a part of a larger research project aiming to increase understanding of polyketone reductases (PKR) and develop applications from them. PKRs are enzymes in biosynthetic pathways leading to several aromatic secondary metabolites in plants. The previous work in the research group has led to establishment of several callus cultures from plants belonging to the genus Rubus in the family Rosaceae. The aim in the experimental part of this thesis is the identification and semi-quantitation of raspberry ketone (RK) and related aromatics in the cell suspension cultures initiated from the previously established callus cultures. RK is biosynthetically produced by reduction of p-hydroxybenzalacetone (p-OH-BA) by benzalacetone reductase (BAR). As a part of the experimental work, p-OH-BA has to be chemically synthetized and analysed. Special emphasis is placed to experiment, develop and validate an extraction method for phenolic compounds using ASE 200 working station. In the review part of this thesis, the basic procedures of chemical analysis are described, optimization and validation of analytical methods are discussed, and lastly studies related to raspberry ketone (RK) are summarized. The detection limit is 0.73 µg/ml for RK with the established UPLC-UV method, and the quantitation limit (QL) is 2.22 µg/ml. At the QL, the standard deviation of the extraction method is 8.9 % and the results are 6.4 % higher than expected. At the high end of the standard curve the extraction results are 18.7 % higher than expected. Some changes are proposed to optimize the method. Analysis of the cell line extracts with the established UPLC-UV method did not readily reveal any of the studied compounds. Although the interpretation of the results of the MS experiment is still underway, RK was detected from the arctic bramble cell line Ra15. Also, a possible derivative of zingerone was detected from cloudberry cell line extract even without the corresponding standard compound. This shows the power of the MS in metabolite profiling, and gives a course for future studies.
-
(2023)Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) is a fruit crop that can be used for example in the production of jams, marmalades, juices, soft drinks, and alcohol beverages. Pressing juice from Japanese quince fruits produces large amounts of pomace as a side stream. The aim of the study was to examine the chemical composition of Japanese quince cultivars that are being cultivated in Finland. Both fruits and fruit pomaces were analysed. The effect of enzyme-assisted water extraction on dry matter yield from Japanese quince pomace was also investigated. Fruits and pomaces of cultivars Sirius, Venus, and seed offspring of cultivar Cido were used as research material. Determination of chemical composition was conducted with the analyses of dry matter, lipids, dietary fibre, ash, protein, and carbohydrate content. Fatty acids were extracted with accelerated solvent extraction and were analysed with gas chromatography (GC-FID). With pomaces four different extractions were made: one with plain water extraction, one assisted with pectinase enzyme, one assisted with cellulase enzyme, and one assisted with both pectinase and cellulase enzymes. Dry matter yield of extracts was measured, and extracts were also filtered with ultrafiltration (UF). UF permeates were analysed with ELSD-UPLC to detect sugars and organic acids from the extracts. According to this study cultivar had a significant impact (p < 0.05) on dry matter, protein and lipid content and fatty acid composition of fruits. With pomaces there were also significant differences in dietary fibre contents. Most of the dietary fibre was insoluble dietary fibre. The main detected fatty acids were C16:0, C18:1 (n-9) and C18:2 (n-6). Water extraction assisted with both pectinase and cellulase enzymes had significantly higher extraction yield (29.5%) compared to water extraction assisted with cellulase enzyme (24.2%) and plain water extraction (26.4%) which did not differ statistically (p < 0.05). Extraction yield from pectinase assisted extraction (28.4%) differed only with the yield from cellulase assisted extraction (p < 0.05). All the permeates contained mostly malic acid. Fructose, glucose, and little amount of sucrose were also detected. There were only little differences between composition of permeates. Chemical composition of fruits may vary between growing seasons and thus, repeating the analyzes during several harvest seasons would provide more information on what kind of effect growing season has on fruit composition. This study also raised further questions on what kind of impact of pretreatments prior enzyme assisted extraction could have on the extraction yield.
-
(2018)Palautusjuoma on harjoittelun jälkeen nautittava nestemäinen elintarvike. Sille ei ole virallista määritelmää, mutta sen tarkoituksena on sisältää tärkeitä ravintoaineita kuten aminohappoja ja hiilihydraatteja, jotka käynnistävät urheilusuorituksesta palautumisen. Palautusjuomat voidaan jakaa karkeasti juomajauheisiin ja valmiisiin juotaviin tuotteisiin. Kasvipohjaisen palautusjuoman pohjana voisi toimia kasviproteiiniuute. Tämän työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia erilaisten uutto-olosuhteiden vaikutusta kvinoaproteiinien uuttumiseen. Uute, jossa olisi korkein proteiinisaanto, voisi toimia teoreettisen palautusjuoman pohjana. Muuttujina käytettiin liuotin/siemen (w/w) -suhdetta (10:1 ja 20:1), liuotinta (pH 6,71 ja 9; NaCl-pitoisuus [0 mol/l ja 0,03 mol/l]) ja liuottimen lämpötilaa (25 °C ja 40 °C). Uuttoaika oli kaikissa näytteissä 30 min. Proteiinisaantoon tilastollisesti merkitsevästi vaikuttavat muuttujat (p < 0,05) olivat liuottimen pH ja lämpötila. Tämän tiedon perusteella uutetta valmistettiin lisää kahdeksan litraa, jonka muuttujien arvoina olivat pH 9, NaCl-pitoisuus 0 mol/l, 40 °C liuotin/jauho (w/w) -suhde 10:1. Uute ultrasuodatettiin 20 kDa:n cut off -arvon kalvolla ja suodatuksesta otettiin talteen retentaatti ja permeaatti. Retentaattia sumutuskuivattiin 984 g ja kuiva-ainesaanto oli 0,84 %, eli 8,2 g jauhetta. Proteiinisaanto oli 29,8 %. Sumutuskuivauksesta saadusta jauheesta määritettiin proteiinipitoisuus, kuiva-ainepitoisuus ja vaahtoavuusominaisuuksia. Pakkaskuivatusta retentaatista tehtiin viskositeetti ja saponiinipitoisuusmääritykset. Lisäksi pakkaskuivatusta retentaatista ja permeaatista tehtiin SDS-PAGE elektroforeesi, jotta nähtäisiin, miten proteiinit jakautuivat ultrasuodatuksessa permeaattiin ja retentaattiin. Sumutuskuivatun kvinoajauheen proteiinipitoisuus oli 39,1 %. SDS-PAGE -määrityksestä saadun proteiiniprofiilin perusteella proteiinit jäivät retentaattiin ja ultrasuodatus onnistui hyvin. Retentaatti sisälsi kvinoalle ominaisia proteiineja: globuliineja (55 kDa) ja chenopodiineja (31–33 kDa). Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella työssä käytetyistä hiotuista kvinoan siemenistä uuttui vain vähän proteiineja, mikä johti matalaan proteiinipitoisuuteen sekä uutteessa että jauheessa. Siemenet eivät soveltuneet matalan proteiinipitoisuuden vuoksi palautusjuoman raaka-aineeksi, mutta vaahdonmuodostusominaisuuksien perusteella kvinoa kuitenkin vaikuttaa lupaavalta raaka-aineelta elintarviketeollisuuteen, erityisesti leipomoteollisuuteen. Raaka-aine vaatii kuitenkin lisätutkimusta, ja tulevaisuudessa määrityksiä voisi mahdollisesti tehdä hiomattomista siemenistä, jolloin proteiinipitoisuus olisi lähtökohtaisesti korkeampi.
-
(2020)Indigo is one of humanity’s most important sources of blue color. Synthetic indigo is produced from oil refining by-products and uses chemicals that are harmful to the environment. Natural indigo would be more environmentally friendly, but it does not guarantee an environmentally friendly dyeing process, since sodium dithionite, which is environmentally harmful, is often used to reduce indigo. This study examines the dyeing of cotton with woad (Isatis tinctoria) and the reduction of indigo with environmentally friendly sugars. The goal is to find an environmentally friendly dyeing method suitable for home dyers and craft teaching. Indigo precursors were extracted from three different strains of woad by three slightly different steeping methods. Indigo was reduced to its water-soluble form with fructose and glucose, and control samples with sodium dithionite. The resulting indigo dye was used to dye cotton fabric. The color yield is considered in relation to the different strains of woad, extraction methods and reducing agents. In addition, the washing and abrasion resistance of the color with different strains of woad, extraction methods and reducing agents is examined. Longer extraction time and chopping of the leaves improved the dyeing result. However, in addition to indigo, chopped leaves and longer extraction time also resulted in increased amount of other colorants in the dye, as the samples were greener and more yellow than their controls. However, in laundering, these samples faded less than others and their color turned bluer as the yellow colorants washed away. Among the strains, the best color yield was obtained from the 2002 row spacing and seed quantity test conducted by the MTT Agrifood Research Finland (now known as the Natural Resources Institute Finland). There were no differences in the laundering and abrasion resistance tests between the woad strains. Indigo was successfully reduced with both fructose and glucose, but color yields were lighter and less blue than with sodium dithionite. There were no significant differences in color yield between fructose and glucose. Fructose scored slightly better than other reducing agents in laundering tests. Sugar reduction is thus well suited for both home dyeing and craft teaching, but to improve the coloring result, the woad leaves should be chopped and extracted in hot water (80 ˚C) for half an hour.
-
(2019)Avenanthramides are hydroxycinnamic acids unique to oat (Avena sativa L., Poaceae). They consist of an anthranilic acid part (anthranilic acid or hydroxylated and/or methoxylated derivative of anthranilic acid) that is conjugated to a cinnamic acid part via an amide bond. More than 25 different avenanthramides are found and identified in oat. However, the most common forms are esters of 5-hydroxyanthranilic acid with caffeic (2c), ferulic (2f) and p-coumaric (2p) acids. Avenanthramides have been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Currently there is a great interest towards oat and bioactive compounds of oat, like avenanthramides. In the previous studies there has been a lot of diversity concerning the extraction method used for analysis of avenanthramides and usually quantitation methods were based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The aim of this research was to develop a method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) for the analysis of the most common forms of avenanthramides (2c, 2f and 2p) in oat and oat products. In addition, also other forms of avenanthramides, like 2fd and 2pd, were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). The extraction method of avenanthramides was optimized and the UHPLC-PDA method used for quantitation was validated. Finally, the study measured the differences in concentrations of avenanthramides in different oat products. In this study it was recognized that the concentrations and the extent of variation of the concentrations of avenanthramides were affected by the sample amount, the homogeneity of the samples and the extraction time used. Especially bigger sample amount of oat flour (0.5 g) led to larger and more reproducible results than smaller amount (0.1 g). The ratio of sample and solvent 1:10 worked excellently and as an extraction solvent ethanol:water (80:20) was more efficient than tested ethanol:water (80:20) with a phosphate buffer at pH 2.8. Smaller particle size of oat flour and extraction overnight led to better extractability of avenanthramides than a short extraction of sample with larger particle size. The UHPLC method was optimized using chromatographic parameters. The avenanthramides separated from each other acceptably and were eluted as follows during the 16-minute run: 2c, 2p, 2f. The response of the UHPLC instrument was linear in the tested concentration range for all three avenanthramides. The results were reproducible, and the accuracy of the UHPLC instrument was acceptable. The recovery % for avenanthramides were 99–117%. Also, other forms of avenanthramides, like 2fd, 2pd, 5p, 5f ja 3f, were identified in different oat samples using UHPLC-QTOF-MS technique. The total amount of avenanthramides in analyzed oat samples varied between 3–41.3 µg/g per fresh weight. Oat bran included them the most and oat snack the least. Avenanthramide 2c was dominant in oat flour which included 2p the least. In oat bran, in oat drink, in oat snack, in Nyhtökaura and in Muru the avenanthramide 2f was dominant over the two other forms. The UHPLC method developed in this study can be applied to the analysis of the most common forms of avenanthramides 2c, 2f and 2p in oat and in oat products and can be used in oat research in the future. The method can also be used to identify and quantitate more widely other forms of avenanthramides in different oat products. The optimized extraction was shown to be functional and reproducible to already homogeneous and processed samples, but the extraction of non-homogeneous samples could be optimized further in the future.
-
(2020)Paineistettu kuumavesiuutto on menetelmä, jossa rahkasammaleesta saadaan uutettua arvokkaita ainesosia veteen ympäristöystävällisesti. Rahkasammaleesta uutetulle nesteelle on olemassa monia jatkojalostusmahdollisuuksia esimerkiksi erilaisten kemikaalien raaka-aineena. Rahkasammaleen uuttoprosessissa syntyy uuton läpikäynyttä rahkasammalmateriaalia, jolle olisi taloudellisesti kannattavaa löytää jatkokäyttöä, mikäli rahkasammaleen uuttoa harjoitettaisiin teollisessa mittakaavassa. Kokeessa tutkittiin uuttoprosessin läpikäyneen rahkasammaleen sopivuutta kasvien kasvualustamateriaaliksi. Uutettua rahkasammalta sekoitettiin käsittelemättömään rahkasammaleeseen 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 ja 0:100 kuivapainon suhteessa ja niiden vedenpidätyskykyä, sähkönjohtokykyä ja pH:ta seurattiin kasvihuonekokeessa. Kontrollikäsittelynä toimi turve. Lisäksi seurattiin kasvualustan vaikutusta basilikan taimettumiseen, pituuskasvuun, lehtien lukumäärään sekä kuiva- ja tuorepainon kertymiseen. Viljelyn aikana seurattiin myös mahdollisten kasvua inhiboivien yhdisteiden poistumista kasvualustoista, kun niitä huuhdeltiin neljä kertaa laimealla lannoiteliuoksella. Jatkokokeessa seurattiin uutetun rahkasammaleen vaikutusta yksi-, kaksi- ja monisirkkaisten testikasvilajien taimettumiseen ja tuorepainon kertymiseen. Uutettu rahkasammal ei sopinut basilikan kasvualustaksi tai sen osaksi, sillä siinä kasvaneiden kasvien kasvu oli erittäin heikkoa. Sen sijaan käsittelemättömässä rahkasammaleessa basilika kasvoi yhtä hyvin kuin turpeessa. Uutetun sammaleen vedenpidätyskyky oli selvästi matalampi kuin käsittelemättömän rahkasammaleen. Jatkokokeessa yksi- ja kaksisirkkaisilla testikasvilajeilla parhaan tuorepainon tuotti käsittelemätön rahkasammalalusta, ja 25 % uutettua rahkasammalta sisältävä alusta tuotti paremman kasvun kuin turve ja 50 % tai enemmän uutettua rahkasammalta sisältäneet alustat. Monisirkkaisten kasvien kasvu ei heikentynyt, vaikka kasvualustassa oli 25 % uutettua sammalta. Useimpien kasvilajien taimettuminen oli heikompaa ja hitaampaa 100 % ja 75 % uutettua sammalta sisältäneillä kasvualustoilla kuin käsittelemättömässä rahkasammaleessa ja 25 % uutettua sammalta sisältäneessä kasvualustassa. Uutetun rahkasammaleen kasvua inhiboiva vaikutus ei täysin selity sen fysikaalisilla ominaisuuksilla, kuten esimerkiksi heikolla vedenpidätyskyvyllä. Uuttoprosessin aikana on saattanut syntyä jokin kasvua inhiboiva yhdiste, jonka pitoisuus alustassa ei vähentynyt riittävästi, vaikka uutettua sammalta sekoitettiin käsittelemättömään rahkasammaleeseen.
Now showing items 1-6 of 6