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Tavoitteet: Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana oli nostaa varhaiskasvatuksesta käytävän negatiivissävytteisen puheen rinnalle niitä tekijöitä, jotka edesauttavat 3-5 vuotta työelämässä olleiden varhaiskasvatuksen opettajien kiinnittymistä valitulle uralle. Työhön kiinnittymisen kannalta keskeisiä tekijöitä kuvataan työhyvinvointitutkija Jari Hakalan koostaman työn voimavaralähtöisen mallin pohjalta. Aiemmat tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet tärkeimmiksi työn voimavaratekijöiksi kokemukset varhais-kasvatustyön merkityksellisyydestä, kiinnostus lapsen kasvusta ja kehityksestä sekä työyhteisöön kohdistuvat tekijät. Menetelmät: Tutkimus käynnistyi vuoden 2021 alussa soveltuvien tutkittavien tavoittamisella. Soveltuvat henkilöt löytyivät varhaiskasvatuksen opettajien facebook- ryhmän sekä opintojen myötä luotujen kontaktien avulla. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostui tutkittavien vapaamuotoisista kirjoitelmista, joissa pyydettiin tarkastelemaan valitulle uralle kiinnittäviä tekijöitä. Tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisena, narratiivisena tutkimuksena, jonka aineisto analysoitiin teorialähtöisellä sisällön analyysillä. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset: Varhaiskasvatuksen opettajan uralle kiinnittymisessä kiinnostus lapsen kasvuun ja kehitykseen, pienten lasten opettamiseen sekä opettajuuteen nähtiin merkittävänä tekijänä. Opettamisen lisäksi opettajan työvälinettä eli pedagogiikkaa sekä sen merkitystä ja hallintaa kuvattiin. Varhaiskasvatuksen opettajan työ kuvautuu aineiston pohjalta pitkälti arvo- ja kutsumuslähtöisenä, jossa halu tukea lasten ja lapsiperheiden hyvinvointia on työn merkityksellisyyden kannalta tärkeä tekijä. Tämän tutkimuksen tutkimustehtävänä myös testattiin aineiston tarkastelun pohjana Hakalan (2011) koostamaan mallia työn voimavaratekijöistä, joka lähtökohtaisesti asettui aineiston sisältöön hyvin.

Motivation. The motivation for this research was to analyse the everyday life of Tove Jansson´s Moomin family through the components of the activity theory. The study is theoretically based on the concepts of everyday life and family research on home, family, the everyday life and division of la-bour between family members, and on the Korvela´s (2003) home economic based interpretations of Yrjö Engeströms´s (1987) activity system diagram. The homemaking activities of the Moomin family are looked at through these concepts and interpretations. The aim of the study is to analyse the repre-sentation of everyday life in a work of fiction by using the methods of scientific research, and gather up a description of everyday life which can be compared to theoretical framework. The research question is: What is the activity system of the Moomin family? Methods. The research data was distinguished from the first two chapters of the book Comet in Moominland and includes 21 situations where homemaking activities of the Moomin family are de-scribed. The situations were distinguished from the story through following criteria: Two or more members of the family must be in active interaction with each other, or at least one member whose activity constructs home as a physical and emotional space. The research was directed by the research data, and elements of activity system – object, subject, mediating artefacts, rules, community and di-vision of labour – were used as a keys to gather and analyse data and to examine the results. The re-search data was reconstructed in table format, which helped to distinguish the everyday life activities and the possible repetitive activities of the Moomin family from the data. The results were collated with the theoretical framework, which outlined the everyday life system of the Moomin family. Results and conclusions. The Moomin family life is the like any family with children. Moominmam-ma carries the expressive role and main responsibility of the homemaking chores. She is the heart, which keeps everyday life running fluidly on all levels. Moominpappa fills the instrumental role in the family. He takes care of construction work requiring physical strength, and ensures the safety of the family by placing himself between the family´s operational environment and the outside world. The son, Moomintroll, and adopted son, Sniff, live everyday life of children, developing their identi-ties through play and shared interactional relationship. The boys´ growing independency expands the family´s operational environment and drives the family´s everyday life. By taking both children in equal consideration both through actions and communications, Moominmamma in developing a sense of community between herself and Sniff and the rest of the family. The arrival of the Muskrat brings with it the end of the world, which represents a new object to the family’s everyday activities. The family reacts both as individuals and as a community, but finally they respond to the challenges and changes in their operational environments as a co-operating unity.

According to the Act on Equality between Women and Men education providers have been responsible for ensuring that each educational institution prepares a gender equality plan since the beginning of the year 2017. According to the Non-discrimination act education providers have also been responsible to compile a plan to enhance equal rights and to prevent discrimination. Act on Equality between Women and Men and Non-discrimination act are mutually supportive laws which both have outlined that discrimination is forbidden. In the Act on Equality between Women and Men the basis for discrimination is gender, gender identity and gender expression. Non-discrimination act possesses action against discrimination based on sexual orientation. The goal of this thesis, through a literary review, is to clearly define what is meant with gender and sexual orientation diversity and how this diversity is taken into consideration in Finnish basic education. The goal is to also review how the previously mentioned new amendments in the laws is taken into consideration in official educational documents, such as in National Core Curriculum for Basic Education 2014 and in other documents produced by Finnish National Agency for Education. A specific approach is especially how themes about diversity in sexual orientation are visible compared to themes of gender diversity. According to previous research students who belong to sexual and gender minorities experience the school system as heteronormative, face more discrimination and bullying and feel that they are not on an equal position compared to other students during for example sex education. After the legal reforms various documents that provide guidelines for education put more emphasis on gender equality and gender diversity as sexual orientation diversity. It appears that increasing awareness and information about gender diversity has a greater impact in improving gender equality in schools, then by focusing diversity in sexual orientation through equality plans made by schools.

The Finns love milk and they consume one of the highest amounts of milk per capita in the world. Dairy products are a big part of Finnish food culture and Finns get used to drinking and eating dairy products already at an early age. In the past few years milk and dairy products have nevertheless faced some significant criticism among consumers. The aim of this study is to get to know the history of dairy becoming a significant part of Finnish food culture and what kind of role dairy is given in the national nutrition recommendations in Finland. The study also aims to find out what are the meanings the milk has been given in the media and press during past years. The research was carried out by studying dairy-related articles published in Helsingin Sanomat -newspaper between years 2015–2017. By using the collected material, different milk-related categories were formed. The data was analyzed by using content analysis. Three main themes rose from the research material. The role of milk and dairy products in the Finnish food culture is considered to weaken. The range of plant-based and vegan products replacing traditional dairy products has increased during past few years. Consumers regard that dairy products can be replaced. Nevertheless, milk is still considered as a great source of calcium. There has also been conversation regarding health effects of dairy products. For example, milk is thought to aggravate skin problems and intolerances to lactose. According to scientific research, milk is nevertheless regarded to have a neutral effect on the risk of diet-related chronic diseases.

Tiivistelmä - Referat - Abstract Tavoitteet. Luontosuhde määritellään ihmisen kokemuksena siitä, että hän on osa luontoa ja sen nähdään kehittävän hyvinvointia. Se kehittyy, kun viettää aikaa ulkona ja saa kokemuksia sieltä. Suomessa metsä on se elementti, jonka varaan luontosuhde yleensä luodaan. Suomalainen metsäsuhde on ollut viime vuosina erityisen mielenkiinnon alla. Siitä on tullut osa aineetonta kulttuuriperintöä, ja se on koettu merkittäväksi tekijäksi kestävän tulevaisuuden rakentamisessa. Partioliike on niin kansainvälisesti kuin Suomen tasolla merkittävä kasvatusjärjestö, jonka keskeiset arvot ovat ympäristökasvatuksellisia. Suomessa partio onkin lukumäärältään suurin nuorisojärjestö, ja sellaisena sen rooli informaalin oppimisen tarjoajana on tärkeä. Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa partioon liittyviä maisterintutkielmia sekä kasvatustieteellisiä tutkimuksia Suomessa vuosilta 2010–2022, jotta saadaan selville, mitä on tutkittu ja onko partiolaisten metsäsuhde ollut tutkimuksen kohteena. Menetelmät. Tutkielma on systemaattinen kirjallisuuskatsaus suomalaisesta partiotutkimuksesta. Vaikka partioon kuuluu paljon jäseniä ja sen tavoitteet ovat kasvatuksellisia, kasvatustieteellistä tutkimusta siitä on vain vähän. Tutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin Suomen eri yliopistojen tietokannoista sekä muista tietokannoista, joista etsittiin maisterintutkielmia ja tutkimusartikkeleita. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin aineiston järjestämisen apuvälineenä teorialähtöistä sisällönanalyysia. Tutkimusaineistoksi valittiin kuusi maisterintutkielmaa ja yksi kasvatustieteellinen artikkeli. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Partioon liittyvissä maisterintutkielmissa oli eniten tutkittu partiossa johtajana toimivia henkilöitä sekä heidän pedagogisia toimiansa ja arviointia. Tästä voi päätellä, että vaikka partio ei ole osa formaalia opetusta, toiminnalla on tavoitteet, joita pyritään saavuttamaan samankaltaisilla opetusmenetelmillä. Partio-ohjelmaa ja -menetelmiä kehitetäänkin jatkuvasti. Vain yhdessä kasvatustieteellisessä tutkimuksessa oli tutkittu partiolaisten metsäsuhdetta, kun taas maisterintutkielmissa luonto oli mainittu yleisenä toiminnan kehyksenä. Myös informaalin oppimisen tutkiminen partiotoiminnassa oli vähäistä. Lasten ja nuorten metsäsuhteesta, sen kehittymisestä ja partion vaikutuksesta siihen on varmasti vielä paljon tutkittavaa.

This literature review examines the relationship between teaching methods and boys’ motivation. Teaching methods are the key methods of a teaching event. Based on this, the background assumption of the review is that they are related to boys ’school motivation. The research task was to find out what kind of connection the teaching methods used by the teacher have in the boys' school motivation. The views of both boys and teachers have been considered in this literature review. The research task was to find out in addition to the perspective of international studies, what kind of results have been teaching, which is executed at the gender based groups. The literature review was conducted as a descriptive literature review. The data consisted of Finnish and international scientific researches. The data were collected using the Helka database as well as other international databases. The age of boys varies from primary school age to high school age in the obtained data. Previous researches showed that there was a connection between boys ’school motivation and teaching methods. The results show that traditional teacher-centered teaching methods do not motivate boys, while activity and learning in groups increase boys ’school motivation. The results also show that the support provided by the home is related to the boys ’school motivation. The results show that it can be concluded that the role of the teacher plays a key role in the motivation of boys. The positive attitude of the teacher towards schoolwork and students has a connection that increases the boys' motivation. The gender of the teacher influences the motivation of the boys. Boys are motivated more by a male than a female teacher. The results of the researches of teaching in gender based groups showed that some of the researches considered gender based teaching to be a better teaching method, while others did not see it as a better teaching method than general teaching

Early childhood is a time that creates the foundation for an active lifestyle. Adults in pre-primary education should support the child’s holistic and physical growth. The adult should also support the child’s motoric development. Motoric growth is the foundation for a child’s physical growth and with the help of the motoric growth the child learns to look after her own physical performance. Pre-primary education has set aims for learning. Thus physical education in pre-primary education should be well planned and have clear aims for learning. The focus should be on the child and the child’s specific ways of learning. Physical education in pre-primary should be child friendly and motivating. The teacher has an important role in encouraging the child to an active way of life in a way that is specific to children. The purpose of this study is to examine the goals, plans and methods pre-primary teachers use during physical education classes. In this study I conduct the strategies the teachers use in physical education. The study is conducted using qualitative research methods. The material was gathered observing three pre-primary groups and their teachers twice during autumn 2016. The observations were done inside and outside during physical education classes. I analysed the material by transcription and separating it into groups by themes which demonstrated themes used in the research questions. I also used the teachers written plans to create a wider spectrum of physical education in preschool. The national core curriculum for Pre-primary education are used as background for the study. I also compared the observations and plans gathered with the curriculum. In this study I found out that exercise and physical education proved to be an integral part of pre-primary education. Pre-primary teachers put emphasis on child observation in doing physical education lesson plans. The teachers also integrated other learning aims of pre-primary education into the physical education classes. Pre- primary children were encouraged to also move around outside of physical education classes and this way promoted active lives. The teachers were encouraging and took the child in consideration as an individual. This study gives an encouraging view of the meaning and implementation of physical activity.

This thesis analyzes interaction between different generations as digital media has become more common in everyday life. Because digital media is often less familiar for older people, this research focuses on the perspective of elderly people and how they feel about it. The study is part of the home economics research field and is based on project KUMOUS (1.2.2015-31.1.2018) launched by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health The project aims to identify the everyday needs of users of different age (young people, people of working age- and seniors), as well as to identify possible new services. Data collection took place in October-November 2015 in South Karelian social and health district (Eksote) area. The data was obtained by interviewing representatives of different generations in two different genus. One of the interviews was carried out by WhatsApp. This is an ethnographic case study, in which the material was approached using two separate cases. The data was collected through interviews in cooperation with the project, in the presence of Senior Research Fellow Mervi Hasu from the Institute of Occupational Health. It can be concluded that digital media did not perceived to be a relevant form of media between the family members. Communication between oldest and their offspring took place by phone or meeting with face to face. Family elders do not find personal computers and smart phones familiar and for example video calls or other applications were not seen as offering more value to the current communication. In this perspective the change of digitalization was not noticed. Interaction between the third generation and the central person was found to be much lower as it is between the second-generation members and the oldest person in family. Communication an interaction between the family members includes the importance of a well-being and healthcare, and relations were found important, although interaction would be less face to face and they might see only rarely.

In this research I described and analyzed music as an element in characterization in Tove Jansson’s moomin books. My purpose was to figure out how music appears in moomin books and how characters are constructed with music. There was lots of previous researches considering the moomin but there wasn’t any researches about music as element in characterization. My aspect to the field of research was recent. I chose three moomin books which included clearly most of descriptions about music. My material were Muumipeikko ja pyrstötähti, Näkymätön lapsi ja muita kertomuksia and Muumilaakson marraskuu. I found out all descriptions about music from these books. In this research music was considered as elements that contrasts music. Most of descriptions appeared in characterization of Nuuskamuikkunen and Vilijonkka, so I focused on these characters. I made themes from these descriptions. Themes came out from material and my analysis. My method was literature scientific close reading. In this research it came out that music appears in the moomin books interacting with plots and characterizations. Music appears as an element in characterization in two levels: instrument’s level and melodies and tone’s level. Both elements were connected with characterization describing feelings and inner conflicts of Nuuskamuikkunen and taking identity of Vilijonkka to new level. The division came out from the material and from my analysis. This is called the hermeneutic circle: the material leads reading and analysis, that still leads to growth of understanding.

Tiivistelmä - Referat - Abstract Suomalainen ruokavalio perustui 1900-luvun alussa viljatuotteisiin, perunaan ja maitotuotteisiin. Lisänä oli vähäinen määrä suolattua kalaa sekä teurastusaikana lihaa. Lähes puolet energiasta saatiin viljatuotteista. 1800-luvun lopussa maatalouden tuotantosuunta oli muuttunut viljanviljelystä karjataloudeksi. Tämän seurauksena voista oli tullut tärkeä vientituote ja viljaa jouduttiin tuomaan maahan. Leipäviljaomavaraisuus oli vain 35–40 %. Teollistumisen myötä väkeä oli muuttanut kaupunkeihin ja toimeentulo perustui palkkatyöhön ja suurin osa hyödykkeistä ostettiin valmiina. Omavaraisuusaste oli kaupungeissa huono, eikä keittiöitä välttämättä ollut ahtaissa asunnoissa. Ensimmäisen maailmansodan aikana tuontivaikeuksien vuoksi Suomessa oli pulaa elintarvikkeista. Kaupungeissa oli pulaa myös polttopuista sekä sähköstä ja kaasusta. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoite on kuvata Emäntälehden antamaa ruokaan liittyvää neuvontaa ensimmäisen maailmansodan aikaisessa elintarvikepulassa vuosina 1914–1918. Emäntälehti neuvoi elintarvikkeiden säästäväistä käyttöä, omavaraisuutta ja puuttuvien elintarvikkeiden, kuten viljan, voin, kahvin, teen, sokerin ja lihan korvaamista uusilla ravinnoksi kelpaavilla tuotteilla. Viljaa neuvottiin korvaamaan perunalla, petulla, selluloosalla, jäkälällä, kauralla, lantulla, porkkanalla ja kalalla. Lihaa neuvottiin korvaamaan kalalla ja sisäelimillä, voita margariinilla, silavalla, ihralla sekä talilla. Kahvin korvikkeena neuvottiin käyttämään voikukan juurta, porkkanaa, lanttua, sokerijuurikasta, juolavehnän ja sananjalan juurta, tammenterhoja ja ruusunmarjan kiviä. Neuvonnassa korostettiin kasvisruoan, sienten, marjojen ja hedelmien sekä villivihannesten ja luonnonmarjojen käyttöä. Lehti neuvoi heinälaatikon käyttöä energiaa ja työaikaa säästävänä ruoanvalmistusmenetelmänä sekä elintarvikkeiden hygieenistä säilyttämistä ja taloudellista säilöntää esimerkiksi kuivaamalla ja keittämällä marjoja suljetuissa pulloissa ilman sokeria. Tutkielma tuottaa tietoa ensimmäisen maailmansodan aikaisesta ruokaneuvonnasta, joka on sovellettavissa nykyaikaan esimerkiksi varautumisen, makutottumusten laajentamisen ja omavaraisuuden suhteen.