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Now showing items 36-55 of 443
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(2024)Tavoitteet. Antisosiaalinen persoonallisuushäiriö (ASPD) on moninkertaisesti valtaväestöä yleisempää mielenterveyspotilaiden, päihteidenkäyttäjien ja rikollisten keskuudessa, ja sen on todettu olevan yhteydessä vakavampaan mielenterveys- ja päihdehäiriöoireiluun. ASPD-diagnoosin saaneiden ei ole kuitenkaan havaittu vastaavan tehoon niin hyvin kuin muu väestö, minkä lisäksi heidän on havaittu olevan hoitoa karttavia sekä lopettavan sen ennenaikaisesti. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan ASPD-diagnoosin saaneiden henkilöiden ja niiden henkilöiden, joiden lähisukulaisella on ASPD-diagnoosi, riskiä keskeyttää internetissä toteutettu psykoterapia muuhun väestöön verrattuna. Lisäksi tarkastellaan sitä, ovatko henkilöt hyötyneet terapiasta, mikäli ovat sen suorittaneet loppuun. Menetelmät. Tutkimusaineisto koostui HUSin nettiterapiadatasta, THL:n potilasrekisteridatasta sekä DVV:n rekisteridatasta. ASPD-diagnoosina käytettiin ICD-10 -tautiluokituksen diagnoosia F60.2. Nettiterapian keskeyttämisalttiutta tutkittiin logistisella regressioanalyysillä erikseen 70 % ja 100 % suoritettujen terapiaistuntojen perusteella. Lisäksi terapian vähintään 70 %:sti loppuun saattaneiden potilaiden kohdalla tarkasteltiin heidän oirepistemuutostensa avulla sitä, olivatko he hyötyneet nettiterapiasta. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Sekä ASPD-diagnoosin saaneilla että niillä henkilöillä, joiden lähisukulaisella on ASPD-diagnoosi, havaittiin olevan huomattavasti kohonnut riski keskeyttää terapia. Riski oli suurempi ASPD-diagnoosin saaneilla. Toisaalta terapian vähintään 70 %:sti loppuun saattaneen antisosiaalisen väestön selkeän enemmistön havaittiin hyötyneen terapiasta. Näin ollen tutkimus antaa alustavia tuloksia antisosiaalisen väestön hyötymisestä nettiterapiana tarjottavasta psykoterapiasta, joskin erityistä huomiota tulisi kohdistaa antisosiaalisen väestön motivoimiseen terapiassa käymiseen erityisesti hoidon alussa. Kaiken kaikkiaan yksilön antisosiaalinen tausta tulisi havaita mahdollisimman varhain.
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(2023)Goals: Anxiety symptoms during adolescence are highly prevalent and correlate with poor academic outcomes. Despite the effects reported in prior review literature being negative on average, the results of different studies have great heterogeneity, leaving room for deeper investigation of the direction and causality of the effects between anxiety and academic achievement. This narrative review aims to synthesize the findings of recent longitudinal studies on the subject. Methods: A narrative review of seven articles on several different measures of anxiety as predictors of academic achievement during adolescence, measured in grades, education continuity and graduation. Results: Several different measures of anxiety symptoms, including social anxiety, PTSD, test anxiety, and generalized anxiety symptoms, are predictive of poor academic grades in adolescence, even when other mental health problems are controlled for. Anxiety is linked to a lower chance of college graduation but there may be no independent effect over that of depression. There appear to be cascading, long-term links between different anxiety symptoms and academic outcomes, some of them bi-directional, making longitudinal designs and repeated measures of multiple variables recommendable for future research. Most effects appear to be gender-non-specific, but effect strengths do seem to vary between groups of low and high anxiety, hinting at a possibly curvilinear relationship worth investigating.
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(2019)Irritable bowel syndrome is a chronic common gastrointestinal disorder. There are three main factors which can be linked with the syndrome, genetical vulnerability, psychological burden and behavioural factors. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of psychosocial treatments for irritable bowel syndrome. The objective of psychosocial treatments is to strengthen coping-skills, behavioural functioning and improve quality of life in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome. This study focuses on the efficacy and mechanisms of psychosocial treatments. 4 The data was collected via online databases. Selected studies evaluated effectiveness of psychotherapy, mindfulness and online based therapeutic support groups for stress-reduction and emotion regulation. Effectiveness was measures by quality of life and symptom questionnaires and interviews. Results were also assessed after two to six months follow-up periods. Results showed improvement in quality of life and reduction on symptoms. In most of the studies effect sizes were medium or large (d > 0.47). Improvements were maintained until the follow-up periods. In societal perspective prominent result was that group interventions and online based psychotherapies provided improvements in symptoms and quality of life. This study identifies common mechanisms between various treatments. Affecting mechanisms were associated with psychological distress, behaviour and thoughts towards the syndrome. These findings suggest that treatments including stress reduction, self-monitoring and acceptance of syndrome may provide benefit in irritable bowel syndrome.
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(2019)The goal of this review is to show the possible connections between depressive disorders and the Big Five personality traits. Also, the focus is to examine the personality traits which have a possible influence on the outcome of psychotherapy when treated depression. Research shows that especially Neuroticism is connected to depression. Other personality traits connected to depression are low Conscientiousness and low Extraversion. Personality traits which influence the positive outcome of the treatment are Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Agreeableness. The personality profile connected to depression seems to be an obstacle in the treatment of depression. More research about the real connection sizes between depression and personality traits is needed to help the clinicians to offer the best treatment for patients suffering from depression.
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(2018)Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogenous group of disorders, with the core symptoms appearing as different levels of difficulties in communicative and social skills, but there are a number of neuroanatomical, neurotransmitter related and gastrointestinal aberrations that have also been linked to the disorder. The etiology of ASD is not very well known, but in addition to a strong genetic background, current research shows that prenatal factors might play a significant role in the development of the disorder. In this review, the proposed mechanisms of action of some prenatal risk factors are discussed in the light of current research. Many other risk factors have repeatedly been linked to ASD in empirical studies as well, but this review focuses on the possible paths through which valproic acid (VPA), thalidomide and vitamin D might be connected to the development of ASD. In addition, the retinoic acid-estradiol theory is presented, which aims to explain the link between ASD and a number of risk factors. Several proposed mechanisms of action have been formed for each of the discussed risk factors, but only some of them are presented in this review. VPA’s role in ASD is examined through the most widely used animal model of ASD (prenatally VPA-induced rats), and the role in the etiology of human ASD through proposed aberrations of both ammonium and folate metabolism caused by prenatal VPA exposure. Prenatal exposure to thalidomide might influence the functioning of the protein cereblon, which according to research is linked to the functioning of ion channels and mRNA activation in certain parts of the brain. The effects of Vitamin D deficiency are theorized to be connected to ASD through the human serotonergic system. This is explained through two genes (TPH1 and TPH2), which hold a crucial role in serotonin synthesis, and Vitamin D is known to affect the expression of these genes. According to the retinoic acid-estradiol theory, the balance between three endogenous chemical substances (retinoic acid [RA] estradiol and human alpha-fetoprotein [HAFP]) have an essential effect on fetal development: RA on certain genes’ expression, estradiol on neural defeminization processes and HAFP by protecting against harmful effects of both RA and estradiol. According to the theory, prenatal risk factors can be divided to promoters of RA-sensitive growth (VPA), inhibitors of HAFP production (thalidomide, ethanol, the ToRCH [toxoplasmosis-rubella-cytomegalovirus-herpes] infection family, interleukins) and promoters of estrogen-sensitive growth (hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency). Under the umbrella term “ASD” lies a wide variety of disorders with big differences in the level of severity and the ways of showing symptoms. In the light of today’s empirical knowledge, there is no certainty weather or not ASD is one single disorder or are there actually several completely unrelated disorders which are just arbitrarily grouped together.
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(2018)Several studies have shown that the autism spectrum disorder is more common among males than females. Most of the models accounting gender difference in the prevalence of the autism spectrum disorder have focused on the biological and genetic factors. However, these models haven’t always been empirically supported. The goal of this review is to clarify why girls with the autism spectrum disorder are diagnosed later and less frequently than boys. Most of the articles chosen to this review are from Google Scholar and Scopus by keywords “autism spectrum disorder in girls”, “underdiagnosing of autism in girls” and “underdiagnosing of autism spectrum disorder”. Diagnostic tools of the autism spectrum disorder have been created based on studies that have only used male samples. Consequently, they are not necessarily efficient identifying girls with the autism spectrum disorder. Girls’ symptoms differ from the classical symptoms especially when it comes to social deficits. It has been shown that girls are more talented than boys in participating to reciprocal interaction and communication and they also integrate their verbal and nonverbal gestures better than boys. Moreover, restricted interests are different and less intense in girls than boys. Girls also have less stereotyped use of objects and repetitive behaviors than boys. Despite the fact that internalizing symptoms are more common in girls, externalizing symptoms such as conduct disorders or intellectual problems may be required to diagnose girl with the autism spectrum disorder. Differences between the classical and girls’ symptoms may be accounted by the sosiocultural factors. Relationships more typical to girls and girlish plays improve especially skills involved in interaction and feeling empathy. On the other hand, high expectations concerning girls’ social skills create pressure for girls to compensate and hide their deficits in social situations. Because of this, parents, teachers and even clinicians do not necessarily observe social deficits in girls. In addition, sosiocultural factors have an impact on the interpretations made of a child’s antisocial behavior. We should pay more attention to identifying girls with the autism spectrum disorder in order to have the same opportunities for girls and boys with the autism spectrum disorder to get treatment and care. On this account the diagnostic tools should be improved, and clinicians should be informed of the specialities of girls’ symptoms. When evaluating girls, we should compare them to typically developed girls instead of the boys with the autism spectrum disorder.
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(2018)Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are developmental disorders that include abnormalities in social reciprocity and communication, with restricted and repetitive behavior and/or limited interests. Presence of the symptoms in the early childhood is essential for diagnosing the autism spectrum disorder, but recognizing those symptoms is often challenging. This is because of the heterogeneity of the symptoms in each individual, and the strong development that takes place in the first years of life, which may contain significant individual differences. The aim of this study is to investigate which are the factors that most strongly predict later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders, and by which age those factors can be detected for the first time. Despite the many challenges considering the recognition of ASD, detecting it as early as possible would be important for interventions, because the intervention is more effective when applied as early as possible. One reason for this is the strong neural development that takes place in the early childhood. Also, because the symptoms of ASD are not separate from each other, difficulties in one domain may complicate the development of other areas, leading to accumulation effect. According to the latest research, there are many signs that may point to autism spectrum disorder in the early childhood even in the first year of life. Some examples of those signs include abnormalities in the handling of objects or the amount of the repetitive behavior. There may also be differences in the social interaction in the first year of life. In addition to diagnostic symptoms, there may be, for example, some self-regulatory problems, which together with other signs may be important for the recognition of ASD. Because there may be huge individual variation in the early signs of autism spectrum disorder, a single symptom could not reveal the disorder by itself. When trying to recognize ASD it is essential to pay attention to many different signs and whether or not those signs appear together. For example, the repetitive behavior together with the difficulties of social interaction may be alarming. The co-occurrence of multiple signs may give a reason to monitor the individual’s development more closely.
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(2023)Tavoitteet. Ruokailutilanteet ovat tärkeä osa jokapäiväistä elämää ja niiden sujumattomuus voi vaikuttaa sekä yksilön terveyteen että hänen sosiaalisiin suhteisiinsa. Valikoivan syömisen sekä aistipoikkeavuuksien on aiemmissa tutkimuksissa havaittu olevan autismikirjon henkilöillä tyypillisempää kuin neurotyypillisillä, mikä voi tehdä ruokailutilanteista heille tyypillistä kuormittavampia ja vaikuttaa näin heidän elämänlaatuunsa. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on kuvata, minkä aistipoikkeavuuksien on havaittu liittyvän valikoivan syömisen piirteisiin autismikirjon henkilöillä, ja miten poikkeavuudet vaikuttavat valikoivan syömisen piirteisiin. Menetelmät. Tutkielma toteutettiin integroivana kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Alustavan tiedonhaun jälkeen lopulliseksi hakulausekkeeksi muodostui (selective eating) OR (food selectivity) AND (sensory) AND (autism). Lopullinen tiedonhaku suoritettiin Scopus ja PubMed -tietokannoista tammikuussa 2023. Tutkielmaan valikoitui tarkemman haun jälkeen mukaan viisi vuosina 2011–2021 julkaistua artikkelia. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Eri aistien yliherkkyydet olivat tyypillisimpiä valikoivaan syömiseen liittyviä aistipoikkeavuuksia ja etenkin maku- ja hajuaistin yliherkkyyksien vaikutukset nousivat esille käsitellyissä tutkimuksissa. Myös muiden perusaistien poikkeavuuksien havaittiin liittyvän valikoivaan syömiseen. Aistipoikkeavuuksien vaikutukset valikoivaan syömiseen ovat hyvin henkilökohtaisia ja se, lisääkö jokin aistipoikkeavuus jonkin ruoan suosimista vai välttelyä on hyvin yksilöllistä. Huomioitavaa on myös se, että aistipoikkeavuuksien havaittiin liittyvän valikoivan syömisen piirteisiin sekä lapsilla että aikuisilla.
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(2018)Autism spectrum disorder is associated to high rates of comorbid mental disorders, where depression is probably most common disorder. Although the high prevalence of depression in autism is well-known thing, relatively little is known about its underlying risk factors or explaining factors. This study aimed to examine whether there is evidence that some characteristic features of autism spectrum disorder would have an impact on high prevalence of depression in autism spectrum disorder. We discuss about two psychological factors: emotion regulation and its deficits and the tendency to perseverate and ruminate. Two factors related to perseveration, cognitive flexibility impairments and rumination were associated with depression and depression symptoms. The association between emotion regulation deficits and depression manifested in the use of maladaptive coping skills and in tendency to ruminate. More research is still needed to replicate these results and gain stronger evidence. The depression diagnosis in autism spectrum disorder is problematic in many ways, therefore all results concerning the subject should be interpreted with caution.
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(2022)Mål: Enligt studier uppvisar autistiska individer mer mental ohälsa än neurotypiska individer i både ungdom och vuxenålder. I dagsläget finns dessutom oroande tecken på att personer på autismspektret uppvisar såväl en högre dödlighet som svagare vårdprognoser i samband med mental ohälsa än icke-autistiska personer. För att trygga autistiska individers lagstiftade rätt till en jämlik och god vård skulle det därför vara avgörande att fördjupa förståelsen för mental ohälsa inom autismspektret och besvara frågan om hur man bäst kunde möta autistiska individers särbehov inom psykiatrisk vård. Målet med denna kandidatavhandling är att utreda om autistiska särdrag kan utgöra transdiagnostiska faktorer och om detta kunde vara en förklaring till de höga nivåerna av mental ohälsa hos just autistiska individer. Dessutom strävar jag efter att utvärdera möjligheterna att tillämpa denna kunskap för att möta autistiska individers behov mer effektivt och anpassat inom psykiatrisk vård och utvärdering. Metod: Källmaterialet samlades in via Google Scholar med olika kombinationer av sökorden autism spectrum disorder, autistic traits, comorbid psychopathology, treatment, etiology, transdiagnostic processes, transdiagnostic model, transdiagnostic approach, psychotherapy, counseling, personality disorder, mentalization, comorbid depression, eating disorders, anxiety, evaluation, the broader autism spectrum model och adult autism subthreshold spectrum. Att ta alla de egenskaper som är typiska för individer på autismspektret i beaktande ligger utanför ramarna för en kandidatavhandling, och denna litteraturöversikt begränsades därför till de autistiska kärnsymptomen och tre av de mest etablerade förklaringsmodellerna för autism: mentaliseringsförmåga, kognitiv inflexibilitet och central koherens. Resultat och slutsatser: Det finns tecken på att autistiska särdrag som ligger både under och över den kliniska tröskeln för diagnos eventuellt kan fungera som transdiagnostiska faktorer inom psykopatologi. Dessutom verkar autism uppvisa såväl en överlappande kognitiv profil som en delad etiologi med vissa mentala störningar. Jag anser att detta mycket väl kan vara en förklaring till de höga nivåerna av psykiatrisk komorbiditet hos individer på autismspektret. Jag bedömer också att det finns lovande tecken på att en mer fördjupad kunskap om ämnet kunde tillämpas inom vården, och att fortsatt forskning om ämnet är motiverad som ett viktigt steg mot jämlikare förutsättningar för god mentalvård för individer på autismspektret.
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(2023)Tavoitteet. Aiempien tutkimusten mukaan avusteisista viestintäkeinoista on ollut hyötyä lap-sille, joilla on Downin oireyhtymä. Ei kuitenkaan ole tarkkaa linjaa sille, mitkä avusteisen vies-tinnän keinot tukevat parhaiten Down-lasten kommunikaatio- ja vuorovaikutustaitoja. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää aiempaan tutkimustietoon pohjautuen, millaiset avustei-sen viestinnän keinot ovat soveltuvia Down-lapsille sekä millä osa-alueilla näistä keinoista on eniten hyötyä. Tutkielman tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää tukemaan Down-lasten kommunikaa-tion kuntoutusta. Menetelmät. Tämän kandidaatintutkielman tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin integroivaa kirjalli-suuskatsausta. Tutkimusartikkelit valikoitiin Scopus- ja OvidMedline-tietokannoista helmi-kuussa 2023. Hakulausekkeen termit liittyivät puhetta tukevaan ja korvaavan viestintään ja Downin oireyhtymään 3–6 -vuotiailla lapsilla. Lopulliseen aineistoon valikoitui viisi vuosina 2015–2021 julkaistua alkuperäistutkimusta. Aineisto valikoitiin mukaanotto- ja poissulkukri-teerejä noudattaen. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Tutkittavia oli 11 ja verrokkeja 5. Avusteisen viestinnän keinot vaikuttivat erityisesti sanavaraston kasvuun ja sosiaalisen kommunikaation lisääntymiseen. Kuvanvaihto osoittautui hyväksi tavaksi lisätä kommunikatiivisten aloitteiden määrää. Myös taulutietokoneilla käytetyt kommunikaatiosovellukset osoittautuivat vaikuttaviksi keinoiksi ja niiden avulla tutkittavien sanavarasto kasvoi tutkittavilla. Lisäksi suurin osa opituista sanoista yleistyi lasten sanavarastoon myös seurantajakson loppupuolella. Tulokset tässä tutkiel-massa kertovat laajempien näkökulmien tutkimuksen tarpeesta eri avusteisen viestinnän keinojen vertailusta. Eri avusteisten viestinnän keinojen hyödyt olisi hyvä tunnistaa, jotta kun-toutus voitaisiin kohdistaa niille osa-alueille, joista on eniten hyötyä.
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(2019)The goal of my thesis was to find out how personality affects the way people use social media and how social media profile information expresses people’s personality. I limited the studies involved to those in which personality was measured with same or similar inventories that are based on Big Five theory. The studies used were searched from Google Scholar and ScienceDirect databases with search statements ”Big Five” AND ”Social media”, Personality AND ”Social media” and Personality AND ”Social media use”. Extroverted people used social media for socializing and communication which was expressed through profiles for example as many connections to other people. Neurotic people used social media for communication and attention seeking. Neurotic people do not want to tell about their neuroticism to other people which might explain why neuroticism did not always have an association with behaviour in social media and why it was not expressed through profile information. People who are open to new experiences used social media for private communication. In profiles communication was expressed through broad networks. Openness to new experiences had incoherent association with using social media for gathering information. People who are high in conscientiousness used social media to support their social relations and for private communication. People who are high in conscientiousness do not want other people to see that they use social media because it is pointless which might explain why conscientiousness was not usually expressed through profile information. People who are high in agreeableness used social media for communication. Agreeableness is not associated with behaviour which can be seen in social media which might be the reason why agreeableness was not seen from profile information. Personality traits are expressed in social media profiles and behaviours in different ways which Big Five theory credibly explains.
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(2021)Goals. Traditional research argues that the main mechanism underlying children’s callous-unemotional (CU) traits is impaired affective empathy. However, recent research suggests that the core characteristic among children with CU traits may be, instead, impaired cognitive empathy. As understanding the underlying mechanisms of CU traits is essential in implementing effective interventions, these findings provide a new important viewpoint to the study of CU traits in general and to the development of effective interventions. Drawing on this, this thesis discusses whether cognitive empathy can be learned and when and how to intervene most effectively. Methods. Literature search was conducted via PubMed, Ovid Medline and Google Scholar by using search words such as “callous-unemotional”, “CU traits”, “cognitive empathy”, “emotion recognition”, “parenting intervention”, “emotion recognition intervention” and “preventive interventions”. Results and conclusions. General view in literature regarding the relationship between empathy deficits and CU traits is still inconsistent: there are studies suggesting both cognitive and affective empathy deficits as the core characteristic of CU traits. Interpreting findings of studies assessing intervention effectiveness is challenging, partly because these studies rarely measure intervention effectiveness directly on empathy, and, even more rarely, on cognitive empathy. Thus, as some findings are promising in the context of, for example, prosocial behavior and conduct disorder, making further conclusions about their effectiveness on cognitive empathy needs to be made with caution. Broad range of definitions used of cognitive empathy and various assessment methods used to measure empathy increase the complexity of the issue further. The importance and effectiveness of early identification and intervening is, however, broadly acknowledged. As empathy, CU traits and problematic behavior are extremely complex constructs, it is reasonable to consider whether it is effective, or even possible, to intervene cognitive empathy as such, or whether interventions focusing on underlying endophenotypes, such as environmental factors, would prove to be more effective. What is clear is that more research around this complex, yet critically important, theme is needed.
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(2019)Background: Delirium is a common, under-diagnosed and serious problem among critically ill patients. Episodes of delirium are associated with a number of adverse outcomes; it seems to carry a considerable risk for future complications, increased future morbidity, long-term impairments in cognitive abilities, and even death. Approximately 80% of patients in intensive care unit (ICU) will develop delirium during their stay in hospital, making it to be a rather common condition – especially among elderly patients. With aging of the patient population in ICU incidence of delirium is likely to increase in future. Early recognition, prevention and treatment for delirium in and after ICU is extremely important for future recovery. There is promising evidence suggesting that delirium could be used as an effective tool for predicting future recovery and health complications after release from ICU. Aim of the study: To identify adverse consequences of post-operative delirium (POD) in ICU (with main focus on future cognitive decline), recognize possible risk groups and current screening and treatment procedures. Methods: A systematic review was conducted, following the Cochrane and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature was collected between September and October 2019 from PubMed ja Ovid Medline data bases using keywords ’delirium’, ’critical illness’, ’consequences’, ’effects’,’cognitive decline’, and ’cognitive impairments’. The search yielded 23 peer reviewed articles which are included in this revies. Results: Episodes of non-dementia delirium in ICU were associated with a number of health complications, prolonged hospital stay and higher risk for readmissions, higher morbidity and mortality, increased risk of falls, accident and injuries, social problems, increased stress and distress, cognitive impairments and increased risk for developing dementia. Different subtypes of delirium (hypoactive vs. hyperactive) seemed to lead to somewhat different adverse consequences; however, all recognized subtypes were hazardous. Conclusions: Delirium is a common, severe and under-diagnosed health problem among ICU patients. It has shown to be associated with various adverse outcomes that create serious economical costs for both individuals and societies, as well as significantly impair patients’ health and later quality of life. Episodes of ICU delirium can cause cognitive impairments and accelerate cognitive decline associated with neuropsychiatric disorders (such as dementia). Although the majority of healthcare professionals acknowledge the severity of problem, the current procedures for prevention, treatment, screening and monitoring are severely lacking. Both current screening tools and training of medical staff are in dire need for improvements.
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(2018)Syfte. Studier har indikerat att en stor andel av den åldrade befolkningen har hörselnedsättning och att dessa personer behöver stöd i vardagliga kommunikationssituationer. Personer med nedsatt hörsel har visat sig varsebli tal bättre i diskussionssituationer där den visuella läppbilden är närvarande tillsammans med det auditiva talljudet. Samma fenomen har också noterats bland normalt hörande personer i bullrig ljudmiljö. För att få reda på vilken nytta rehabiliteringen av visuell talperceptionsförmåga (läppläsningsförmåga) har för vuxna personer med hörselnedsättning, behövs grundläggande statistisk information om hurudan den auditiva, den visuella och den audiovisuella talperceptionsförmågan hos vuxna personer är. Syftet med denna kandidatavhandling är att granska hur den visuella talperceptionsförmågan förändras i vuxen ålder. Avhandlingen jämför unga vuxnas visuella talperceptionskunskaper med äldre vuxnas visuella talperceptionskunskaper. Arbetshypotesen är att den visuella talperceptionsförmågan försämras med åldern på grund av försvagade kognitiva förmågor. Metoder. Det valda ämnet granskades genom en integrerad litteraturöversikt. Forskningsfrågan omvandlades till en engelskspråkig sökfras enligt Booles logik och sökfrasen genomfördes i databaserna Ovid Medline, PubMed och Scopus. Använda termer vid litteratursökningen var speechreading, lipreading, audiovisual speech perception, audiovisual speech recognition, audiovisual integration, aptitude, skill och ability. Litteratursökningen resulterade i 506 artikelträffar som utgående från rubrik, abstrakt och tillgänglighet slutligen avgränsades till fyra artiklar. Utöver dessa handplockades ytterligare två artiklar. De valda sex artiklarna var fall-referentstudier som behandlade visuell talperceptionskunskap hos unga och hos äldre vuxna. Artiklarna granskades kritiskt och deras resultat jämfördes sinsemellan. Resultat och slutsatser. Studierna visade enhetligt att unga vuxna har bättre visuell talperceptionsförmåga än äldre vuxna, vilket även har konstaterats i tidigare forskning. Arbetshypotesen fick stöd i och med att artiklarna uppskattade att den försämrade förmågan i visuell talperception hos äldre vuxna beror på försämrade kognitiva förmågor och på grund av försämrade integrationskunskaper.
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(2018)Syfte. Studier har indikerat att en stor andel av den åldrade befolkningen har hörselnedsättning och att dessa personer behöver stöd i vardagliga kommunikationssituationer. Personer med nedsatt hörsel har visat sig varsebli tal bättre i diskussionssituationer där den visuella läppbilden är närvarande tillsammans med det auditiva talljudet. Samma fenomen har också noterats bland normalt hörande personer i bullrig ljudmiljö. För att få reda på vilken nytta rehabiliteringen av visuell talperceptionsförmåga (läppavläsningsförmåga) har för vuxna personer med hörselnedsättning, behövs grundläggande statistisk information om hurudan den auditiva, den visuella och den audiovisuella talperceptionsförmågan hos vuxna personer är. Syftet med denna kandidatavhandling är att granska hur den visuella talperceptionsförmågan förändras i vuxen ålder. Avhandlingen jämför unga vuxnas visuella talperceptionskunskaper med äldre vuxnas visuella talperceptionskunskaper. Arbetshypotesen är att den visuella talperceptionsförmågan försämras med åldern, på grund av försämrade kognitiva funktioner. Metoder. Det valda ämnet granskades genom en integrerad litteraturöversikt. Forskningsfrågan omvandlades till en engelskspråkig sökfras enligt Booles logik och sökfrasen genomfördes i databaserna Ovid Medline, PubMed och Scopus. Använda termer vid litteratursökningen var age, aging, speechread, lipread, skill, aptitude, ability och adult. Litteratursökningen resulterade i 2372 artikelträffar som utgående från rubrik, abstrakt och genom ytterliga exklusions- och inklusionskriterier slutligen avgränsades till fyra artiklar. Utöver dessa handplockades ytterligare två artiklar. De valda sex artiklarna var fall-referentstudier som behandlade visuell talperceptionskunskap hos unga och hos äldre vuxna. Artiklarna granskades kritiskt och deras resultat jämfördes sinsemellan. Resultat och slutsatser. Studierna visade enhetligt att unga vuxna har bättre visuell talperceptionsförmåga än äldre vuxna, vilket även har konstaterats i tidigare forskning. Arbetshypotesen fick stöd i och med att artiklarna uppskattade att den försämrade förmågan i visuell talperception hos äldre vuxna har en koppling till försämrade kognitiva förmågor och till försämrade integrationskunskaper.
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(2018)Depersonalization/derealization-symptoms are a subclass of dissociation symptoms. These symptoms are characterized by numbness of emotions, a feeling of being separated from one’s body, and a feeling of unreality of the outside world. The source of these symptoms is unclear at the moment. However, studies have shown that depersonalization/derealization symptoms can be caused by traumatic stress experiences. This raises the question of how depersonalization/derealization symptoms could be connected to daily, minor stress. Could daily stress also be an influencing factor on depersonalization/derealization symptoms? On the other hand, it could be that depersonalization/depersonalization experiences would cause a person to be more vulnerable to experiencing stress. In this review I take a closer look at the relationship between daily stress and depersonalization/derealization symptoms. It seems that a positive connection exists between depersonalization/derealization symptoms and daily stress. However, the direction of the connection remains unclear. There is some evidence depersonalization/derealization symptoms and daily stress often appear simultaneously. In addition, it seems that people who experience high amounts of depersonalization/derealization symptoms experience stress more intensely than the average person. Daily stress has also been shown to be a predictor of depersonalization/derealization symptoms when the effect of other psychopathology symptoms has been taken into account. The amount of other psychopathology seems to be an important moderator of the connection. All in all, the relationship between daily stress and depersonalization/derealization symptoms seems to be very complicated and more research is needed on this area.
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(2017)Depression is one of the most common psychological symptoms that often occurs with dementia. It can be a risk factor for dementia to develop, or it can also appear after dementia causes losses to a patient’s abilities. Depression has been shown to hinder the functional status of a patient with dementia even further. Using medication to treat depression in patients with dementia holds the risk of side effects. Instead, psychosocial treatments should be considered essential in the treatment of depression in dementia patients. The purpose of this review is to examine psychosocial treatments used for treating depression in patients with dementia. Of these treatments, psychotherapy, music therapy and reminiscence therapy are considered further. The evidence for psychotherapy, music therapy and reminiscence therapy is partly conflicting, but overall quite promising. In the future, more randomized controlled trials should be carried out, but there is also a need for qualitative studies to clarify which mechanisms enable treatments to affect depression in dementia patients.
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(2024)Tavoitteet. Autismikirjoon liittyy usein kielellisen kehityksen vaikeuksia. Puheen ymmärtämi-sen vaikeudet ovat usein vaikea-asteisia ja puheen tuoton ongelmia haastavampia kuntout-taa. Näiden vaikeuksien kuntoutuksessa hyödynnetään usein samankaltaisia menetelmiä, kuin esimerkiksi kehityksellisen kielihäiriön kuntoutuksessa. Dialoginen lukeminen on yksi hyväksi todetuista kuntoutusmenetelmistä, jota voidaan hyödyntää puheen ymmärtämisen kuntoutuksessa. Autismikirjossa esiintyvien puheen ymmärtämisen vaikeuksien kuntoutus-menetelmiä ja -keinoja, taikka niiden vaikutuksia ei ole juuri tutkittu. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitetään, millaisilla keinoilla dialogista lukemista voidaan hyödyntää juuri autismikirjon las-ten puheen ymmärtämisen kuntoutuksessa, ja minkälaisia vaikutuksia kyseisellä kuntoutuk-sella on puheen ymmärtämiseen lapsilla, joilla on autismikirjon häiriö. Menetelmät. Tämä tutkielma toteutettiin integroivana kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Aineisto haettiin ja kerättiin Scopus- ja Ovid Medline -tietokannoista käyttäen hakulauseketta ”autism AND in-tervention AND child* AND speech comprehension OR language comprehension OR liste-ning comprehension”. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostui viidestä, vuosina 2019–2023 julkaistusta tutkimusartikkelista. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Autismikirjon lasten puheen ymmärtämisen kuntoutuksessa dia-logisessa lukemisessa hyödynnetään erityyppisiä, asteittain vaikeutuvia kysymyksiä, joilla lasta houkutellaan tekemään päätelmiä ja löytämään yhteyksiä tarinasta. Lukemiseen voi-daan yhdistää kirjallisia tehtäviä, joissa sovelletaan käytettyjä ymmärtämisen strategioita tai harjoitellaan uutta sanastoa. Kuntoutuksessa korostuu opitun soveltaminen uusiin tilanteisiin. Dialogisen lukemisen vaikutukset autismikirjon lasten puheen ymmärtämiselle ovat positiivi-sia, mutta eivät kovin vahvoja. Dialoginen lukeminen kehittää autismikirjon lasten puheen ymmärtämistä, mutta ei yksinään riitä kuntoutukseksi.
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(2022)Tavoitteet. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kerätä yhteen uutta tutkimustietoa digiteknologian ja lasten tarkkaavaisuuden yhteyksistä. Näkökulmana oli erityisesti pyrkiä löytämään tietoa digiteknologian pitkäaikaisvaikutuksista lasten tarkkaavaisuusmekanismien kehittymiseen. Tutkimuksessa vertaillaan digiteknologian eri osa-alueista (ruutuaika, televisio, videopelit ja multitasking) saatuja tuloksia toisiinsa ja tuodaan esille uusia hyödyllisiä tutkimussuuntauksia. Tutkimuksessa käsitellään myös digiteknologian hyödyntämistä kouluympäristössä tarkkaavaisuuden näkökulmasta. Menetelmät. Katsaukseen valittiin lähteitä kymmeneltä viime vuodelta. Tiedonhaku toteutettiin PubMed-, PsycINFO- ja Scopus-tietokannoista erilaisilla yhdistelmillä hakusanoja ”screen time”, ” digital multitasking”, ”video games”, ”attention”, ”children” ja ”classroom”. Kyseessä ei ole systemaattinen katsaus, vaan hakutuloksista valittiin suoraan vain aiheeseen sopivat julkaisut. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Teknologian osa-alueiden vaikutukset tarkkaavaisuuteen riippuvat todennäköisesti mediasisällöstä sekä siitä, milloin ja missä kontekstissa teknologiaa käytetään. Ruutuaika, television katselu ja digitaalinen multitasking ovat yhteydessä heikompaan tarkkaavaisuuteen. Videopeleihin liittyvä tutkimustieto on vielä ristiriitaista, sillä osa tuloksista tukee videopelien positiivista vaikutusta tarkkaavaisuudelle, kun taas osassa on saatu negatiivisia tuloksia. Digiteknologian pitkäaikaisista vaikutuksista tarkkaavaisuuden kehittymiselle ei löytynyt tarpeeksi tutkimuksista saatuja tuloksia, joten sitä on tärkeä tutkia tulevaisuudessa. Muita kiinnostavia näkökulmia tulevalle tutkimukselle ovat muiden muassa teknologian ja tarkkaavaisuuden väliseen yhteyteen vaikuttavat moderaattorit, digiteknologiset apuvälineet koulunkäynnissä sekä mobiilipelit.
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