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Tavoitteet. Aiempi tutkimustieto osoittaa, että autismikirjon häiriöön ja kehitykselliseen kielihäiriöön liittyy molempiin vaikeuksia kielellisissä taidoissa, mistä voi seurata haasteita ohjeiden ymmärtämisessä ja seuraamisessa. Häiriöiden oirekuvassa on paljon samankaltaisuutta, vaikka ne luokitellaankin erillisiksi. Molempia häiriöitä on tutkittu laajasti, mutta ohjausmenetelmien merkitystä autismikirjon häiriön tai kehityksellisen kielihäiriön lasten puheterapiassa on tutkittu tähän mennessä vasta vähän. Puheterapiassa käytettyjen ohjausmenetelmien tutkiminen on tärkeää kliinisen työn sujuvuuden ja tuloksellisuuden kannalta. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on tarkastella minkälaisten ohjausmenetelmien käyttö edistää puheterapiassa opittujen taitojen yleistymistä arkeen ja minkälainen ohjaus on näiden häiriöiden kohdalla hyödyllisintä. Menetelmät. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin integroivaa kirjallisuuskatsausta, jonka lopulliset aineistohaut tehtiin helmikuun 2024 aikana. Tiedonhaku tehtiin Scopus- ja Ovid Medline- tietokannoista, sekä kaksi tutkimusta valittiin aineistoksi käsipoiminnalla. Hakulausekkeita oli kaksi: autism* AND "speech therapy" AND (instruction* OR guidance*) / "developmental language disorder" AND (instruction* OR guidance*). Lopulliseen aineistoon valittiin mukaan kuusi tutkimuskysymysten kannalta relevanteinta tutkimusta saadun aineiston analyysin jälkeen. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Tutkimusartikkeleista saatujen tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että annetulla ohjaustavalla on vaikutusta puheterapiassa opittujen taitojen yleistymisessä arkeen. Yleistettävimpänä ohjausmenetelmänä voidaan pitää suoran ohjauksen (Direct Instruction) menetelmää. Autismikirjon kohdalla hyödyllisimpiä ohjausmenetelmiä olivat eksplisiittisiä ja implisiittisiä, eli suoria ja epäsuoria ohjausmenetelmiä hyödyntävät menetelmät. Kehityksellisen kielihäiriön kohdalla taas parhaita tuloksia saatiin ainoastaan eksplisiittisillä menetelmillä. Tulokset painottuivat hyödyllisten ohjausmenetelmien käsittelyyn, sillä hakulausekkeeseen ei ollut sisällytetty ”yleistettävyys”-termiä. Jatkotutkimusta kaivataankin erityisesti ohjausmenetelmien yhteydestä puheterapiassa opittujen taitojen yleistymiseen arkeen.

Goals: Symptom networks as a concept came to the research field only less than 10 years ago. Symptom network is a new statistical approach, where disorder’s symptoms are seen as separate mutually interacting elements, compared to predominant way of seeing symptoms as indicators of common background latent variable. There is only limited amount of reviews available on the topic. Goal of this thesis to review state of symptom network research, i.e. what and with which methodologies is researched with emphasis on the theoretical developments of the concept. At the same time possible and necessary future research avenues discussed. Methods: Thesis is literature review. Google Scholar was used as a search engine and search was done using expression ‘ “symptom network” psychology ’. Only research published after 2008 is included. Due to length limitations of the review, only results from two first result pages were used. After this, based on the found articles references some extra inquiries were performed. Results and conclusions: Main result is that there are very promising results within existing research and statistical methods and measures start to settle. However, there is need for more versatile research, as well as for reproduction of results. Slightly worrying observation is that lion share of symptom network research is done by one research group. This thesis provided quite good overview of the research field, though it is left on slightly non-specific level.

Goals. Gambling is a universal problem, which is particularly pronounced in Finland. The problems are not limited to pathological gambling, but gambling also harms a substantial group of non-pathological gamblers, referred to as problem gamblers in research literature. The purpose of the review was to explore differences between pathological and non-pathological gamblers in three different domains: cognition, neurophysiology and personality. The goal was to create a broad picture of psychological factors differentiating pathological gamblers from others in order to improve the understanding of risk factors associated with the development of non-pathological gambling towards pathology. To achieve this, problem gamblers were included in the comparison regarding the studies which had that separate group. Methods. Research articles were searched from Google Scholar and PubMed database with the tags non-pathological gambling and pathological gambling. The inclusion criteria were comparison of pathological gamblers to non-pathological ones and that the research topic fell under one of the three domains of the review. Results and conclusions. Regarding cognition, non-pathological and pathological gamblers seem to differ on several cognitive distortions and problem gambler resemble pathological gamblers more than they do non-problem gamblers. Emotional processing might also be weaker in pathological gamblers. In the domain of neurophysiology, the functioning of many different brain areas in gambling situations may differentiate pathological gamblers from others. Additionally, dampened HPA-axel responses appear to be associated with gambling pathology. Personality-wise pathological gamblers are particularly more impulsive, but also more neurotic than others. The personality of problem gamblers resembles that of non-problem gambler than pathological gamblers. Going forward, more studies including a separate group of problem gamblers are needed because they could provide valuable information on the development gambling pathology. Societally, it is important to recognize gambling as broader problem than just pathological gambling.

It is commonly known that physical activity and exercise have a positive effect on physical and psychological health. Previous studies with adults and elderly show that exercise can maintain or even improve cognitive capacity. Due to these results researchers have studied the effects of exercise and physical activity on children’s cognitive ability. Epidemically gro-wing concern with children and adolescent obesity has also had an impact on this field of re-search. Long term effects of exercise on children’s cognitive capacity have been studied with diffe-rent exercise interventions, which are typically organized at schools. Although, exercise in-terventions seem to have some effect it is still unknown what kind of exercise has the grea-test impact. In this thesis, I will study the effect of different kinds of physical activities on children's cognitive skills. This thesis was carried out as a literature review without empirical sample. Review systematically sums up the results from empirical intervention research do-ne. Due to exercise intervention research, getting more exercise during school days seems to have a positive effect on children’s cognitive skills or at least it doesn’t have a negative one. Research is focused on rather simple aerobic exercise interventions. Although, due to some studies covered in these thesis, more diverse aerobic exercises seem to have a greater ef-fect compared to simple ones. There is also some evidence that other than aerobic exercise seem to have an impact on children’s cognitive skills. It is still quite hard to compare the ef-fectiveness of different exercise intervention types due to lack of comprehensive research.

Psychopathy is an abnormality of personality characterized by, for example, superficiality of emotional life, glibness, manipulation, and antisociality. Psychopathic individuals burden each stage of the justice system, and they are overrepresented in prison. Psychopathic people fall into violent crimes and also repeat their crimes more often than others. Contradictory results have been obtained in the past for the treatment of psychopathic individuals, and sometimes the treatment may even have worsened psychopathy. There is a general perception that treating psychopathic individuals is impossible or at least very difficult. There are many limitations in previous studies and overall research on the topic is still quite limited. Psychopathy is not a diagnosis recognized by common diagnostic manuals. It can be reliably assessed by using the PCL-R checklist, which is the most widely used and accepted tool for assessing psychopathy. The aim of this review was to determine whether violent offenders who have been assessed psychopathic with the PCL-R checklist or it`s youth version PCL:YV, can be treated. Studies published in the 21st century on the response to treatment of psychopathic violent offenders were used as source literature. This review dealt with treatments for adults and adolescents separately. The results obtained from the treatment of adults were cautiously promising. In particular, treatment could contribute to the improvement of social skills and insight. Overall, the risk of violence was reduced through treatment, but among some psychopathic individuals, violent behavior increased. This could be the result of a repulsive attitude towards treatment or authorities. The results from the treatment of young people were more promising. Intensive care for adolescents halved the risk of violent crimes, and the number of psychopathic features was not found to affect the response to treatment. Long-term treatment gave the best results. The results are promising, especially for young people. However, the results are still preliminary. In order to draw more certain conclusions, more randomized and controlled trials should be made. In addition, the persistence of treatment outcomes should be investigated in follow-up studies with long follow-up periods.

The objective of this literature review is to examine the associations between student’s temperament and his/her adjustment and achievement in school context. It also considers how temperament-conscious knowledge could be taken into account in everyday schooling. Student’s temperament is related to his/her self-regulation skills and working style. It is also associated with the quality of teacher-student interaction and student’s innate ability to behave according to school expectations. So called “school temperament” (high task-orientation, high personal social flexibility and low reactivity) corresponds with teachers’ description of the “ideal student” and is associated with better school adjustment as well as academic performance. Temperament-conscious education encourages teachers to take into account and appreciate students’ individual differences in temperament. Learning environment which pays attention to student’s individual needs can best support his/her development and learning. Teachers are in a key position to promote their students’ positive school adaptation and academic achievement. Therefore, teacher education programs should educate future teachers about the associations of student’s temperament with teaching-learning-processes. Students’ adjustment and achievement in school context can be enhanced by training and practicing both students’ self-regulation skills and achievement-related behaviors. Furthermore, students should also have possibilities to use their own temperament-based strengths in learning. Positive and supportive relationships between teachers and students may have a buffering effect on students’ development. A relatively large body of previous research evidence suggests that temperament-conscious education could be part of the high-quality education.

Presenteeism (working despite feeling sick) has become a popular object for research in occupational psychology in the 21st century. It has been claimed that stressful psychosocial aspects of work (e.g. job demands) are connected to presenteeism. The purpose of this degree was to find out what can be said about these connections considering current scientific evidence. Another goal was to examine the directionality of these connections, although the causality from job demands to presenteeism was analyzed more thoroughly than the other possible directions. The cross-sectional evidence on connections between job demands and presenteeism is rather incomplete. There have been multiple studies in which the statistically significant correlation between these two phenomena have been found, but the direction of causality cannot be deduced from these studies. There are several ways to operationalize job demands and it has been concluded by a meta-analysis that the strongest connections to presenteeism seem to be with physical demands of work, understaffing, overtime work and general time pressure. There are few longitudinal studies on this issue but from these few studies there has arisen partial support for the idea that higher job demands can lead to presenteeism. The most relevant take-away message from these studies is that the connections between job demands and presenteeism may well be reciprocal and lead to a vicious circle. The biggest limitations in studies are related to the cross-sectionality, the sole use of self-report methods and the poor generalizability due to selected samples. In addition, there have been conversations about the reliability and validity of the self-report measures used in research. Due to these limitations, not much can be said about the connections between job demands and presenteeism. The correlative connections have been repeatedly replicated in various studies which indicates that there most likely is some sort of connection between these two phenomena. However, the prominent use of cross-sectional studies makes it impossible to draw conclusions about the direction of causality. Theoretical frameworks have been underutilized in the planning of studies and there hasn’t been enough research on specific hypotheses derived from these theories. The current scientific evidence is too general. Hence, it’s not possible to analyze the connections between job demands and presenteeism very precisely. These shortcomings can be mended in the future by focusing on well-designed longitudinal studies.

Objective. Changes in work life pose challenges for employees to recover. Today’s work culture is flexible and limitless in nature. Work-related stress has increased significantly, as work is being done, although labor productivity has clearly increased. This phenomenon increases interest towards stress research and well-being at work. This literature review examines the neural effects of chronic stress and presents recovery theories in response to these challenges. Method. The articles in the review dealt with neural effects of stress and depression, as well as recovery theories. Articles were retrieved from Google Scholar and PubMed databases with keywords recovery from work, chronic stress, work related stress, neural effects from stress. The search criteria were limited to studies published in the 21th century. For recovery theories, original sources were searched. Results and conclusions. The review showed that chronic stress causes changes, especially in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. These changes impair individuals' cognitive abilities. Stress, for example, makes it difficult to regulate emotions and functioning, thus impairing memory activity. Chronic stress and lack of recovery create a cycle in which stress reactions become more intense and the individual’s ability to regulate stress reactions is harmed. While stress is a vital reaction and an important part of effective functioning, continued stress reactions and chronic stress are a threat to well-being. Failure to recover from stress results in an allostatic load that has been shown to be associated with mental health problems and illnesses. Because most of the recovery takes place outside working hours, it is conceivable that everyone is responsible for her own recovery process. On the other hand, the flexibility of work leads to more work becoming part of one’s leisure time. While continued availability is admired, organizations should understand the risks it poses to employee well-being and brain health. Therefore, organizations should focus on the recovery of their employees. Luckily, the development is heading towards an improved work environment.

Tavoitteet. Parkinsonin tauti on keskushermostoon ja erityisesti aivojen mustatumakkeeseen sekä dopamiiniratoihin vaikuttava etenevä sairaus. Se vaikuttaa laajasti motoriikkaan ja sitä myötä myös puheeseen ja ääneen. Jopa 90 % Parkinson-potilaista kokee erilaisia puheen ja äänen muutoksia, jotka heikentävät heidän sekä heidän läheistensä elämänlaatua. Tämän kandidaatintutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia Parkinsonin tautiin liittyvien puheen ja äänen muutosten puheterapeuttisia kuntoutusmuotoja sekä niiden vaikuttavuutta. Menetelmät. Tämän tutkielman menetelmänä käytettiin integroivaa kirjallisuuskatsausta. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin kahta elektronisista tietokantaa apuna käyttäen, jotka olivat Ovid Medline ja PubMed. Käytetty hakulauseke oli Parkinson* AND speech AND voice AND (“speech therapy” OR ”language therapy” AND (efficacy OR effectiveness OR impact). Lopullinen tutkimusaineisto koostui kuudesta tieteellisestä, vertaisarvioidusta artikkelista. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Aineistosta nousi esille kolme erilaista tapaa kuntouttaa Parkinsonin taudin myötä ilmeneviä puheen ja äänen muutoksia. Ne olivat perinteinen Lee Silverman -ääniterapia, laulaminen ja tietokonevälitteinen etäkuntoutus. Etäkuntoutuksessa käytettiin kuntoutusmenetelmänä perinteisestä LSVT -ääniterapiasta johdettua pidemmälle aikavälille jakautuvaa LSVT X -ääniterapiamenetelmää. Tulokset vahvistivat aikaisempaa tutkimustietoa LSVT:n ja etäkuntoutuksen vaikuttavuudesta puheterapeuttisessa kuntoutuksessa Parkinsonin taudissa. Laulamistutkimusten osalta tulokset erosivat toisistaan, sillä vain toisessa niistä laulaminen osoittautui vaikuttavaksi kuntoutusmuodoksi.

Tavoitteet. Parkinsonin taudin puheterapeuttinen kuntoutus ja tutkimus on perinteisesti keskittynyt motorisiin vaikeuksiin, kuten puheen, äänen ja nielemisen ongelmiin. Sairaus voi kuitenkin aiheuttaa myös kielellis-kognitiivisia vaikeuksia, kuten ongelmia sananlöytämisessä ja pragmatiikassa. Ongelmat voivat vaikuttaa suuresti tautia sairastavan elämänlaatuun. Tutkimustietoa tarvitaan myös kliinisen kuntoutustyön tueksi. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää Parkinsonin tautiin liittyvien kielellis-kognitiivisten vaikeuksien puheterapeuttisen kuntoutuksen nykytilaa ja tulevaisuuden mahdollisuuksia. Tutkielmassani selvitän, saavatko Parkinsonin tautia sairastavat henkilöt puheterapiaa kielellis-kognitiivisiin vaikeuksiinsa. Lisäksi tutkin, millaisia menetelmiä Parkinsonin taudin kielellis-kognitiivisessa puheterapiassa käytetään ja miten tätä tulisi kehittää. Menetelmät. Tutkielman menetelmänä oli integroiva kirjallisuuskatsaus. Aineiston keräsin Ovid Medline -tietokannasta. Muodostin hakulausekkeen termeistä Parkinson* (Parkinsonin tauti), language (kieli), speech therapy/language therapy (puheterapia) ja practice (käytäntö). Lisäksi käytin manuaalista hakua. Valikoin aineistoon seitsemän vertaisarvioitua artikkelia. Analysoin aineiston esimerkiksi tarkastelemalla artikkelien yhtäläisyyksiä ja eroja, ja jäsensin tulokset tutkimuskysymysten mukaan. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Parkinson-potilaat jäivät usein ilman puheterapiaa, ja kuntoutusresurssit olivat vähäisiä. Kielellis-kognitiivisia vaikeuksia kuntoutettiin huomattavasti vähemmän kuin motorisia vaikeuksia. Käytettyjä menetelmiä olivat yleisimmin erilaisten kompensatoristen keinojen harjoittelu, mutta menetelmiä ei tutkimuksissa avattu tarkemmin. Menetelmien vaikuttavuudesta ei ollut tietoa saatavilla, sillä tutkimusta aiheesta ei ole. Kielellis-kognitiivisten vaikeuksien kuntoutukselle oli kuitenkin tarvetta ja halua sekä potilaiden että puheterapeuttien keskuudessa. Syitä terapian toteutumattomuuteen olivat esimerkiksi terapia-ajan rajallisuus ja puheterapeuttien tiedonpuute. Parkinsonin taudin puheterapiaa kehitettiin esimerkiksi soveltamalla afaattisille henkilöille suunniteltua kuntoutusta ja hyödyntämällä läheisten osallistumista. Arkikeskustelu oli kuntoutuksen keskeisenä tavoitteena. Tulevaisuuden menetelmissä yksilöllinen ja holistinen lähestymistapa sekä taudin psykososiaalisten vaikutusten huomioiminen esitettiin tärkeiksi huomion kohteiksi. Myös monimuototerapia tuotiin esiin mahdollisena kuntoutusmenetelmänä. Jatkotutkimusta olisi hyödyllistä tehdä muun muassa Parkinsonin taudin puheterapeuttisen kuntoutuksen saatavuudesta ja menetelmistä Suomessa.