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  • Tapaninen, Pekka (2017)
    Authenticity is an important phenomenon related to human behavior, which has interested scientists, thinkers and artists for centuries. In psychology, the treatment of the subject has been left traditionally for the existential and humanistic schools. The turn of the century has seen an emerging interest in authenticity also amongst researchers of empirical psychology. The aim of this survey was to delve into the recent research of authenticity in empirical psychology and investigate how authenticity has been conceptualized and what benefits does it entail to human functioning. Moreover, we looked into the limitations and targets of development of the studies. We found out that authenticity has been studied lately from two differing viewpoints. While some researchers perceive authenticity as relatively stable personality trait, others hold that it is a transient state, which varies rather from situation to situation than from person to person. Both of these conceptualizations received support from the studies, though the majority focused on the trait viewpoint. Irrespective of the standpoint, the definitions of authenticity have been lately relatively uniform. Behavior, which is aligned with an individual’s innate tendencies, attitudes, values, goals and characteristics is deemed authentic. The contemporary conceptualizations draw both from humanistic psychology and from the self-determination theory. Studies gave support for the view endorsed by humanistic psychologists that authenticity is important for well-being and psychological functioning. Higher authenticity was positively related to self-esteem, life satisfaction, vitality and sense of purpose. Moreover, it was related to better functioning relationships and coping strategies. The research of authenticity in empirical psychology is still rather young, which explains the relative lack of studies in both quantity and quality. Most of the studies suffered from an unrepresentative study sample which hindered the generalizability of the results. However, the existing results of the importance of authentic behavior merit further study.
  • Nuutinen, Sonja (2023)
    Aim: A number of different and effective medical and psychological treatments have been developed for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, not everybody benefits from these treatments. The Bergen 4-day Treatment is a new and intensive therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. There have been promising results of its effectiveness in individual studies. The aim of this literature review was to examine the effectiveness of The Bergen 4-day Treatment in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Methods: Literacy search was conducted by searching the PubMed and Web of Sciences databases with the search term “Bergen 4-day treatment”. In addition to this, studies were also searched for in the bibliography of the articles selected for the review. The age group of the studies was limited to adults and nine studies were selected. Results and conclusions: Treatment led to a significant reduction in obsessive- compulsive symptoms and effects were found to persist for up to four years of follow- up. The treatment also reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression and had a positive effect on the ability to work. Treatment discontinuations were low, and patients were generally very satisfied with the treatment. Based on the literature review, The Bergen 4-day Treatment seems like a promising treatment for obsessive- compulsive disorder in adults. However, only one RCT study has been conducted on the treatment, so the results should be viewed with caution in the absence of control groups and randomization of patients.
  • Snellman, Katariina (2022)
    Tavoitteet. Kuuloviat ovat yleisiä kommunikaatioon vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Vaikeiden ja erittäin vaikeiden kuulovikojen kuntoutuksessa käytettävät apuvälineet, kuten sisäkorvaistute (SI), rajoittavat tiettyjen aivokuvantamismenetelmien käyttöä. Aivokuvantamismenetelmien avulla saadaan tietoa aivojen toiminnasta. Toiminnallinen lähi-infrapunaspektroskopia (fNIRS) on aivokuvantamismenetelmä, jonka avulla voidaan mitata optisesti aivokuoren verenkierrossa ja happeutumisessa tapahtuvia muutoksia vasteena erilaisille ärsykkeille. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, millaisissa tutkimuksissa fNIRS-menetelmällä on tutkittu henkilöitä, joilla on vaikea tai erittäin vaikea kuulovika. Menetelmät. Kandidaatintutkielman menetelmänä käytettiin integroivaa kirjallisuuskatsausta. Aineistohaku suoritettiin Scopus ja Ovid Medline -tietokannoista helmikuussa 2022. Hakulauseke muodos- tettiin yhdistämällä toiminnalliseen lähi-infrapunaspektroskopiaan ja kuulovikoihin liittyviä termejä. Artikkeleiden tuli olla vertaisarvioituja englanninkielisiä alkuperäistutkimuksia, jotka olivat saatavilla Helsingin yliopiston käyttäjätunnuksilla. Tietokantojen hakutuloksista aineistoon valittiin kuusi artikkelia. Lisäksi yksi artikkeli lisättiin aineistoon manuaalisesti. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Tämän kirjallisuuskatsauksen tulosten perusteella fNIRS-menetelmää on toistaiseksi hyödynnetty tutkittavien, joilla on kuulovika, tutkimisessa vähän. Tutkimusala on nuori, eikä menetelmä ole vielä laajassa käytössä: tutkielmassa käsitellyt artikkelit olivat neljän tutkimusryhmän julkaisemia. Erityisesti tutkimuksia, joissa tutkittavat ovat lapsia, joilla on kuulovika, on toistaiseksi julkaistu vähän. Tutkittavat olivat kaikissa tutkimuksissa sisäkorvaistutteen käyttäjiä. Lisää tutkimusta, jossa tutkittavat ovat lapsia tai käyttävät kuulon apuvälineenä kuulokojetta, tarvitaan.
  • Rissanen, Anna (2020)
    Objectives. Cognitive disability is one major cause for challenges after traumatic brain injury (Cicerone, et al, 2000). Deficits in executive functions are common in patients suffering from traumatic brain injury and these deficits often influence the patient’s everyday life and capability to handle daily tasks. Cognitive rehabilitation plays a large role in rehabilitation of executive functions and recently there has been an emerging number of research related to the effects rehabilitation has on daily life. In this review I aim to examine recent research made on evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation of executive functions among patients who have suffered traumatic brain injury. I also attempt to evaluate research that aims to estimate the effects cognitive rehabilitation has on patient’s everyday life. Methods. Keith D. Cicerone and his partners have made several systematic reviews on evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation. These systematic reviews are to a large extent in the center of this review because of their suitability to the subject. Other articles were selected through searches made in PubMed and other databases and through feedback I received during guidance. The keywords were ”traumatic brain injury”, ”executive functions” and ”cognitive rehabilitation”. Results and conclusions. Interventions that combined Metacognitive Strategy Training and functional skills training as well as group-based interventions were shown to be effective in rehabilitating executive functions after traumatic brain injury. These interventions also had positive effects on participant’s everyday life. Holistic, integrative rehabilitation was also shown to be effective in improving the participant’s ability to function in daily life after traumatic brain injury. It is clinically significant to examine the effects of rehabilitation also from the perspective of the patient’s everyday life. Although research regarding cognitive rehabilitation’s effects on everyday life has increased lately, there is still a demand for more research in this field.
  • Piri, Anna (2020)
    Objective. Executive functions are involved in regulating human behavior and thinking. They are based on three core functions: inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility. Inhibition suppresses automatic and harmful responses, working memory manages information held in mind, and cognitive flexibility is needed when adjusting one’s behaviour to fit the current situation. Many psychiatric ilnesses are associated with deficits in executive functions, and it has been proposed that poor executive functioning might be a transdiagnostic risk factor for mental disorders. Depression is characterized by biased information processing and difficulties with emotion regulation, which in turn are associated with both onset and maintenance of the disease. The aim of this literature rewiev is to examine executive function deficits related to depression, the relationships between these deficits and emotion regulation, and possible brain abnormalities associated with impaired execuive functioning and emotion regulation difficulties found in patients with major depression. Methods. Studies were collected from PsycINFO-, PubMed-, Medline- and Google Scholar- databases. The headwords used were ”major depression” paired with ”executive function”, ”cognitive impairment”, ”inhibition”, ”working memory”, ”updating”, ”cognitive flexibility”, ”set shifting”, and ”emotion regulation”. Neural correlates were searched by adding the term ”neural correlates” to the previous searches. Results and conclusion. Studies presented in this rewiev found that patients with depression had poorer performance in tasks used to measure executive functions compared to healthy controls. Deficits were evident in all of the three core functions, but deficits in inhibition seemed to be greater than deficits in other processes. Performance in tasks requiring emotional processing was also impaired, and poor executive functioning correlated with the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Brain imaging studies found that depressed patients exhibited less activation in brain areas associated with cognitive control. These results support the idea that depression is associated with deficits in executive functions, and these deficits are also involved in emotion regulation difficulties. Most of the studies rewieved were cross-sectional, so conclusions about causal relations cannot be made.
  • Hakonen, Emma (2018)
    Objectives: Research has shown that cognitive deficits are a significant part of schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia show poorer performance in multiple areas of cognition such as memory functions, processing speed and executive functions. This review focuses to examine the range of specific executive function deficits in first-episode schizophrenia and how these deficits change during 1-3 year follow up period. Furthermore, the review focuses on viewing whether executive functioning is related to clinical profile, clinical outcome or functional outcome. Methods: The research was executed as a literature review. Search of literature was focused to executive functioning in adult first-episode schizophrenia. The following keywords were used in google scholar and Helka finna databases: ”first episode schizophrenia”, ”schizophrenia” combined with keywords ”executive functions”, ”cognitive functions” and ”cognitive deficits”. Keyword “outcome” was combined with the previous when searching for outcome articles. Some of the articles used were found from other research articles and they were included in the review if they met the same inclusion criteria. Results and conclusions: First-episode schizophrenics showed broad executive function deficits in multiple specific areas of function. Problems were systematically seen in working memory, cognitive flexibility, fluency, inhibition and planning. In addition, there were conflicting results about attention allocation and initiation. Executive deficits did not seem to change drastically during a 1-3 year follow up period, but cognitive flexibility skills were assessed to improve in multiple studies. Moreover, research shows that negative and disorganization symptoms relate to executive dysfunction. Several studies considering relation between executive function and outcome show that there is a link between executive functioning and functional outcome. Studies considering clinical outcome were conflicted and certain conclusions cannot yet be drawn. However, it seems that planning abilities might be related to clinical outcome but there is a need for further study.
  • Kärnä, Julia (2017)
    Several recent studies have suggested that the commonalities between mental disorders outweigh their differences. A transdiagnostic approach has been proposed, which refers to a point of view that exceeds current psychiatric classifications, focusing instead on the shared properties of mental disorders. In this literature review, a brief overlook of the literature on transdiagnostic therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders is presented, focusing especially on one transdiagnostic therapy, the Unified Protocol (UP) by David Barlow et al. (2011). The UP is an emotion-based, transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy and it is one of the most studied transdiagnostic therapies to date. So far, several studies preliminarily support the use of the UP in the treatment of anxiety disorders. However, little research has been done on this topic and the existing studies are modest in quality, and therefore strong conclusions should not be drawn yet. Further research that is methodologically more sound, with bigger sample sizes and longer follow-ups needs to be done. In the future, it is especially important to compare the UP with a diagnosis-specific therapy, so that its efficacy can be evaluated more competently. If the UP turns out to be as efficacious as the diagnosis-specific interventions already in use, but in addition offers significant practical advantages, the wide use of UP should be seriously considered. In the future, it might be beneficial to move toward integrating both transdiagnostic and diagnosis-specific therapy methods in clinical practice, while taking into account the individuality of patients’ pathology.
  • Koivukangas, Jenny (2017)
    The aim of this review was to explore transdiagnostic approach to anxiety and depressive disorders in order to find out whether it would be useful in treating them. Transdiagnostic approach has risen as a reaction to diagnostic manuals and the problems they bear with respect to mental disorder classifications. Transdiagnostic therapy could be one way to make evidence based treatments more available cost-effectively as it would solve the problem of having to master many disorder-specific manuals. There are many reasons for transdiagnostic approach in treatment and research; comorbidity i.e. the diagnozability of multiple disorders in one person is common in mental disorders, which is disregarded in disorder specific treatments. Theories that explain internalizing disorders transdiagnostically are combatible, and the overlap of disorders can also be seen in analysis of their latent structure. Several meta-analyses demonstrate equal effectivity of transdiagnostic and diagnosis-specific therapies, although there is a need for more high quality trials in the field. Transdiagnostic approach could be a useful way to make treatments more widely available, for example through internet- and group therapies.
  • Hintsala, Tiina (2023)
    Tavoitteet. Aivoverenkierron häiriöt eli AVH ovat yleisin dysfagian taustasyy. Dysfagiaa kuntoutetaan perinteisen dysfagiakuntoutuksen lisäksi myös muilla menetelmillä, kuten transkutaanisella neuromuskulaarisella elektrostimulaatiolla. Aiemmat tutkimukset ovat antaneet ristiriitaisia tuloksia sen vaikuttavuudesta. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena oli tutkia, koota ja analysoida tietoa transkutaanisen neuromuskulaarisen elektrostimulaation (NMES) käytöstä ja vaikuttavuudesta aivoinfarktin jälkeisen dysfagian kuntoutuksessa. Menetelmät. Tutkimuksen menetelmänä käytettiin integroivaa kirjallisuuskatsausta. Neljä viidestä tutkimusartikkelista haettiin systemaattisesti PubMed- ja Medline-tietokannoista seuraavalla hakulausekkeella: (transcutaneous OR non-invasive) AND neuromuscular AND (electric* stimulation OR electrostimulation) AND (dysphagia OR deglutition disorder OR swallow* disorder) AND (rehab* OR treatment OR therap*) AND (post-stroke OR subacute stroke OR acute stroke OR stroke). Viides artikkeli poimittiin käsin. Aineisto analysoitiin ja sen tärkeimmät piirteet ja päätulokset koottiin yhteen muistiinpanojen avulla. Aineiston kuvaus taulukoitiin. Kaikki tutkielman aineistoon valikoidut tutkimukset olivat satunnaistettuja ja sokkoutettuja kontrollitutkimuksia, joiden tavoitteena oli tutkia NMES-menetelmää ja sen vaikuttavuutta AVH-peräisen dysfagian kuntoutuksessa yhdistettynä perinteiseen dysfagiakuntoutukseen. Tutkielman aineiston tutkittavien otoskoko oli 244. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Transkutaanista neuromuskulaarista elektrostimulaatiota käytettiin perinteisen dysfagiakuntoutuksen rinnalla sekä kahdessa tutkimuksessa myös ainoana kuntoutusmenetelmänään. Elektrodit sijoitettiin leuan alle kohdistuen kieliluun ylä- ja alapuolisiin lihaksiin. Menetelmän kesto oli keskimäärin 30–60 minuuttia ja sähköimpulssien taajuus 30–80 hertsiä. Kuntoutuskertojen määrä vaihteli 10–80 kerran välillä (md 20) asettuen 3–8 viikon ajalle intensiteetiltään 3–5 kertaa viikossa, 1–2 kertaa päivässä. NMES-menetelmä oli vaikuttavimmillaan AVH-peräisen dysfagian kuntoutuksessa perinteisen dysfagiakuntoutuksen kanssa samanaikaisesti toteutettuna. Potilaiden nielemistoiminnot paranivat tai dysfagiaoireet lievenivät yhdistetyllä kuntoutuksella tilastollisesti merkitsevästi koko aineistossa verrattuna alkutilanteeseen sekä kontrolliryhmään, jossa toteutettiin vain perinteistä dysfagiakuntoutusta. Transkutaanisella neuromuskulaarisella elektrostimulaatiolla saadaan lievennettyä AVH-peräisiä dysfagiaoireita, yhdistettynä perinteiseen dysfagiakuntoutukseen, mutta erikseen toteutettuna NMES-kuntoutuksen vaikuttavuus jää samalle tasolle pelkän perinteisen dysfagiakuntoutuksen kanssa. Aiheesta on tehtävä jatkotutkimusta tehokkaimman NMES-protokollan laatimiseksi.
  • Kiekeben, Julia (2019)
    The aim of this study was to determine which vocal-related factors and characteristics are significant for satisfaction and experience in transmasculine speakers considering their voice. In addition, the goal was to find out what kind of problems transmasculines might encounter with their voice. The research method was an integrative literature review. The research material was collected from two international databases (Pubmed and Web of Science) using a search query (Transsexual OR transgender OR transmasculine OR female-to-male) AND (voice OR voice problems). In accordance with the selection criteria, five research articles on the voice of transmasculine individuals were selected for the thesis. The selection criteria for the articles were: reviewing the voice of transmasculines, in English, peer-reviewed and published after 2000. In addition, the full text had to be available free of charge under license from the University of Helsinki. In all five studies, a significant reduction in the fundamental frequency, ie a lowering of the pitch, had a significant effect on satisfaction. Significant was also compatibility with voice and perceived gender. Problems related to voice were mainly isolated cases and mainly related to the testosterone treatment efficiency and / or the rate of the voice, the lowered pitch, control or other peoples reactions for the detection of sex. Studies 1 and 2 showed that most of the subjects were dissatisfied or not fully satisfied with their current voice. In studies 3 and 4, half or more of the subjects were satisfied with their voices. The study 5 showed that subjects whose voice sounded uniform with the perceived gender, were satisfied with their voices. Low and therefore masculine voice correlates with satisfaction and well-being. Transmasculines satisfaction with their own voice varies. Changes caused by testosterone treatments seem to be sufficient for most transmasculine individuals, but some still report some voice problems.
  • Lehto, Tuuli (2021)
    Tavoitteet. Tutkimustieto vahvistaa, että monet kommunikaatiokäyttäytymistavat vaikuttavat käsitykseen viestijän sukupuolesta. Harvat kirjallisuuden raportit kuitenkaan kuvaavat sitä, miten tätä tietoa sovelletaan puhe- ja viestintäterapiaprotokollissa transsukupuolisten naisten feminisaatiossa ja kuinka tarkasti kliininen käytäntö noudattaa jo olemassa olevia ja tutkittuja lähestymistapoja. Tämän katsaustutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää aiemman tutkimustiedon avulla, mitä menetelmiä ja tavoitteita julkaistuissa transsukupuolisten naisten ääniterapiaa koskevissa tutkimuksissa on käytetty sekä miten interventiot ovat ajallisesti rakentuneet. Tämän katsauksen tulosten perusteella saadaan tietoa siitä, toteuttavatko transsukupuolisten naisten äänen feminisaatioon tähtäävät ääniterapiat jo olemassa olevia hoitoprotokollia, ja miten niissä sovelletaan tutkittuja kommunikaatiokäyttäytymistapoja. Menetelmät. Kandidaatintutkielman menetelmänä käytettiin integroivaa kirjallisuuskatsausta. Aineisto haettiin Scopus-tietokannasta maaliskuussa 2021. Hakulausekkeessa käytettiin monipuolisesti transsukupuolisiin naisiin ja ääniterapiaan viittaavia termejä. Tutkielman aineistoksi valikoitui lopulta viisi valinta- ja poissulkukriteerien mukaista 2007–2018 julkaistua alkuperäistutkimusta. Tutkimuksia analysoitiin soveltaen sisällönanalyysin keinoja. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Tässä kirjallisuuskatsauksessa kuvattiin viiden tutkimuksen avulla transsukupuolisten naisten ääniterapioiden ajallista rakennetta sekä niissä käytettyjä menetelmiä ja tavoitteita. Tutkimuksissa käytetyissä menetelmissä ja tavoitteissa havaittiin tutkimusten välillä eroja ja yhtäläisyyksiä. Useimmin käytetyiksi menetelmiksi nousivat Gelferin luoma ääniterapiaprotokolla ja Stemplen luoma VFE-menetelmä. Yleisimmiksi taas tavoitteiksi nousivat äänenkorkeuden/perustaajuuden nosto ja oraaliresonanssin voimistaminen. Kaikille käytetyille tavoitteille ja menetelmille löytyi tukea aiemmasta kirjallisuudesta. Terapian ajallisissa rakenteissa havaittiin tutkimuksen sisällä suuria eroja, mutta aiempaan taustakirjallisuuteen verrattuna tuloksissa ei ollut havaittavissa merkittäviä eroja. Tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat siihen, että nykyinen ääniterapia hyödyntää usein jo luotuja tekniikoita ja protokollia. Verrattain uudella alalla luotettavaa tutkimustieto on kuitenkin kertynyt vasta niukasti, ja uutta tutkimustietoa tarvitaan lisää alan kehittämiseksi.
  • Tikanto, Maiju (2017)
    This literature review examines the properties of narratives formed of traumatic events and narrative approach to trauma therapy. Several theories of memory, such as double representation theory, propose that the memory of a traumatic event is fragmented in a way that reflects in difficulty producing a coherent narrative of the event. On the basis of these theories, it has been assumed that working on the narrative in psychotherapy helps the client to clarify the memory of the traumatic event and integrate it with other autobiographical memories, which in turn reduces the problems associated with trauma, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Research so far has not supported these hypotheses of the fragmented nature of trauma memory and its effect on trauma narratives: though quite a few studies have been done, the results are mostly conflicting and difficult to interpret. This may be partly due to shortcomings in the methodology of the studies, such as the varied operationalization of key concepts. Despite inconclusive evidence to support the theories they are based on, narrative therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing PTSD seem promising. The most popular of these interventions, Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) was originally developed to aid victims of prolonged violent trauma, such as war and persecution. NET has accumulated convincing evidence of reducing PTSD symptoms and improveing the lives of trauma victims. NET has many advantages over more traditional therapeutic interventions, being an inexpensive and easily administered brief therapy suitable for clients from different cultural backgrounds. Challenges for future research in the field are designing better studies to test the theories of narrative fragmentation of trauma memory as well as comparing the efficacy of NET and other narrative interventions for trauma to the more traditional psychotherapies. In addition, the narrative approach to trauma therapy has potential for different applications, such as online therapy.
  • Korpelin, Halla (2023)
    Tiivistelmä: Tavoitteet: Traumaperäiseen stressihäiriöön liittyy paljon fysiologisia oireita ja kehon tilan muutoksia. Traumaperäistä stressihäiriötä on diagnosoitu tyypillisesti psyykkisten oireiden kautta, mutta sairaus sisältää myös vahvoja yhteyksiä somaattisiin oireisiin. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen tavoitteena oli tarkastella, liittyykö traumaperäiseen stressihäiriöön somaattisia sairauksia tai toimiiko se sairauksien riskitekijänä. Sen vuoksi tässä katsauksessa selvitetään, voisiko traumaperäinen stressihäiriö olla sydän- ja verisuonitautien riskitekijä. Menetelmät: Kirjallisuuskatsauksen lähdemateriaali on haettu syksyllä 2023 käyttäen PubMed, Helka ja World of Science -hakuja. Käytettyjä hakusanoja olivat “PTSD”, ”post traumatic stress disorder”, “autonomic”, “brain-heart axis”, “cardiovascular”, “cardiovascular disease”, “inflammation” ja “physical health problems”. Katsauksen aiheeksi rajautui aikuisuudessa koetun traumatisoitumisen ja siitä seuranneen traumaperäisen stressihäiriön aiheuttamat sydän- ja verisuonitaudit, jossa jätettiin pois sotaveteraaneilla tehdyt tutkimukset ja tarkasteltiin vain uusimpia tutkimuksia. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset: Kirjallisuuskatsaukseen valitut artikkelit näyttivät viitteitä siitä, että traumaperäinen stressihäiriö voisi olla sydän- ja verisuonitautien riskitekijä. Traumatisoituneilla henkilöillä oli suurempi riski sairastua sydän- ja verisuonitauteihin, kuin henkilöillä, joilla ei trauma-altistusta elämänhistoriassaan ollut. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että traumaperäinen stressihäiriö voi olla riskitekijä somaattisille sairauksille.
  • Syrjälä, Iina (2017)
    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an alteration of brain function, or an injury found in the brain, that is caused by an external force. In addition to the immediate effects of the brain injury, there is a host of neurological and psychiatric consequences that may follow from it later. Depression is the most common psychiatric disturbance following a traumatic brain injury and it can considerably affect a person’s functioning and recovery. The purpose of this review is to highlight different variables that can affect a person’s likelihood of developing depression following a traumatic brain injury. Other topics covered are the effect of depression on post-TBI functioning and recovery, the evolution of depression from a temporal viewpoint, and the treatment of depression in people with TBI. Depression that emerges in the early stages after the injury seems to be connected to pre-injury background variables and the neurological attributes of the injury. Later after the injury, depression could in turn be connected to psychological variables, such as subjective experiences or poor functioning or lack of social support. The risk of depression decreases as time passes but it remains elevated even years after the injury. Post-TBI depression is typically treated with antidepressants and psychotherapy. The treatment is carried out as a part of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program, the aim of which is to improve the person’s functioning and help him or her to adapt to the altered circumstances.
  • Hyvämäki, Vera (2017)
    Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health problem that some people develop after experiencing a traumatic event. Current understanding of the pathogenesis of PTSD is still unclear, and existing theories have proven insufficient to explain the wide range of cognitive and emotional symptoms related to it. Findings of the neural basis of the disorder have been inconsistent, but most studies support the involvement of the prefrontal cortex and regions regulating fear and memory. Heightened responses of the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex are seen as predisposing vulnerabilities, whereas changes in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus represent abnormalities that can lead to the disorder if acquired following stress exposure. The experience of trauma itself can have an effect on brain function, and the distinction can only be made by comparing individuals with PTSD to a trauma-exposed control group. Future studies need to take into account the effect of co-occurring disorders and different types of trauma, and proceed to investigate causal relations behind the neural abnormalities.
  • Forslund, Sofia (2022)
    Tavoitteet. Aiempien tutkimusten tulokset tukiviittomien käytön vaikutuksista puheen ja kielel-liseen kehitykseen vaikeasti kuulovammaisilla lapsilla ovat ristiriitaisia. Joidenkin tutkimusten mukaan tukiviittomien käytöstä voi olla hyötyä esimerkiksi sanavaraston kehitykselle, mutta samalla tukiviittomien käyttö saattaa vähentää puhutun kielen käyttöä. Vaikeasti kuulovam-maisilla lapsilla varhaislapsuudessa puhutun kielen omaksuminen tapahtuu hitaammin ja heillä on käytössään vähemmän kommunikaatiokeinoja kuin tyypillisesti kuulevilla lapsilla. Tässä tutkielmassa selvitetään tukiviittomien käytön vaikutuksia vaikeasti kuulovammaisten tai sisäkorvaistutetta käyttävien lasten puheen ja kielen kehitykseen. Menetelmät. Tässä tutkielmassa menetelmänä käytettiin integroivaa kirjallisuuskatsausta. Ai-neistohaku tehtiin Scopus- ja Medline-tietokannoissa käyttäen hakulauseketta (“cochlear im-plant” OR “cochlear implants” OR “cochlea implant” OR “cochlea implants” OR “hearing im-pairment” OR “hearing loss” OR “hard of hearing” OR deaf OR deafness) AND (“key word signing” OR “simultaneous communication” OR “sign support*” OR “aug-mentative sign*”) AND (child* OR infant) AND intervention. Yksi artikkeli poimittiin mukaan manuaalisesti. Lopullinen aineisto koostui viidestä artikkelista, jotka käytiin läpi ja analysoitiin systemaattisesti. Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Tulokset olivat osittain ristiriidassa keskenään ja aiemman tutki-muksen kanssa. Tulosten perusteella ei voida tehdä selkeitä johtopäätöksiä. Tulokset viittaa-vat siihen, että tukiviittomien käytöllä saattaisi olla positiivisia vaikutuksia sanavaraston suu-ruuteen, mutta niiden käyttäminen vaikuttaisi olevan myös yhteydessä matalampaan kielelli-seen tasoon ja heikompaan puheen tuottoon. Tulokset eivät kuitenkaan ole aineistoin pienen koon vuoksi yleistettävissä. Aiheesta tarvitaan lisää tutkimusta.
  • Hartikka, Roosa (2018)
    Callous-unemotional (CU) traits (e.g. of lack of guilt, empathy and shallow affect) has shown to predict persistent antisocial behaviours and severe psychosocial disruptions. This review sought to examine the aetiological factors underlying the CU traits and whether CU traits can be prevented and treated. Research to date suggests that CU traits are developed in the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Especially parenting factors, such as parental warmth and sensitivity has shown a great effect on protecting from development of CU traits and parent training interventions has shown a great potential in decreasing CU traits in children and adolescents. However, intervention outcome research to date has been very limited. In addition, recent studies have mainly examined the outcomes of interventions initially intended for treatment of conduct disorder: there is not many empirically tested interventions specifically developed for treatment of CU traits. Also, it remains unclear whether the effects of the interventions are persistent in the long run, is there any difference in the treatment of children of different age and how effective the interventions are on the children with a great genetic vulnerability. There is critical need for more research to enable more effective and valid interventions to be developed.
  • Rantala, Roosa-Maaria (2019)
    Objective. Early onset major depressive disorder is a serious and recurring illness. There is abnormal brain function associated with depression when processing emotional stimuli. However, we do not know how these abnormalities occur in very young children. The aim of this review is to study brain function abnormalities when processing emotional stimuli in depressed pre-schoolers and the stability of these abnormalities in school aged children. Methods. This thesis reviews studies on pre-school major depressive disorder (PO-MDD) and its effects on brain abnormalities when processing emotional stimuli. Also, studies on school aged children with PO-MDD are included to inspect the stability of the abnormalities apparent in PO-MDD. Studies were included in this review, if they assessed children’s depression at least once during the pre-school period, and children were shown emotional stimuli during a functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results and conclusions. Children with PO-MDD had elevated activation in the limbic system and in the cortical areas associated with the processing of emotional stimuli when compared to their healthy peers. This elevated activation did not differ between positive and negative stimuli. Also, school aged children with PO-MDD had enhanced limbic and cortical activation in the areas associated with the processing of emotional stimuli when compared to their healthy peers. This enhanced activation was associated with the negativity of the stimuli. The connection between the PO-MDD and brain abnormalities in school age may be caused by genetic and environmental factors or the PO-MDD induced changes in brain functions. Because the abnormalities in brain function are already visible in pre-school, early intervention plays an important role. By studying the brain abnormalities associated with PO-MDD, we can develop efficient interventions to support the normal development of childrens’ brains and reduce the frequency and severity of future depressive episodes.
  • Salakka, Ilja (2017)
    Emotions and decision making as a field of research is relatively new. However, in the last decades number of studies done on the topic have been increasing and today almost every theory of decision making includes at least some element of emotions. Framework of immediate and expected emotions illustrates how emotions affects our decision making in many different ways. Our decisions are modified by expected emotions based on what kind of emotions we expect to have in the future if we will make a particular choice. Immediate emotions affects in the moment of decision to our expected emotions and our mood. The effects of emotions lead often to many non-optimal tendencies related to decision making. One of these tendencies is known as risk aversion. People weight negative feelings over positive feelings leading them to choose a certain positive option and avoid more optimal but risky option. That said, emotions serve decision making in situations where decisions have to be made quickly or with lack of information. Information can be brought to a situation based on emotions related to former experiences. Somatic marker hypothesis have been developed to explain the neural base of emotions and decision making. According to somatic marker hypothesis, ventromedial prefrontal cortex creates links based on emotional experiences related to decisions. These links help to simulate emotions linked to decisions later in similar situations. While there are lots of studies related to emotions and decision making today, there are very few studies related to interaction of emotions and decision making in the context of individual differences. In the future, researchers should pay more attention to individual differences on this topic.
  • Talkkari, Anna (2022)
    Supporting the mental health of refugees and asylum seekers has become even more urgent now that conflict has increased around the world. The crisis in Afghanistan and war in Ukraine, for example, are going to affect the refugee populations arriving to Finland. Mental health professionals are going to encounter refugees in public health care, occupational health care and schools, so it will be vital to understand the needs of these groups. This thesis analyses the mental health characteristics, risk and protective factors and treatment of refugees and asylum seekers. Literature search was conducted on Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed and SCOPUS databases. Current literature that addressed the mental health, behavior or psychosocial treatment of refugees and asylum seekers in the Western world was accepted for the thesis. Some of the key sources were publications that surveyed the wellbeing of immigrants in Finland, published by the Finnish institute for health and welfare. Based on the chosen literature asylum seekers and refugees are more vulnerable to mental health issues than natives and other immigrant groups. There is international consensus that they experience more anxiety, depression and traumatic disorders. Traumatic experiences, issues with social participation, poor legal status, family separation and discrimination are risk factors for the mental health of refugee populations. Communality and social support, on the other hand, are protective factors. Despite the elevated risk, asylum seekers and refugees use the health care system less than natives and they are more likely to receive lighter treatment. Trauma symptoms, cultural differences, knowledge-gap and language barriers can make diagnosis and treatment difficult. Lack of trust in the clinician, interpreter or the Western health care system can also hinder treatment. In addition, there is a significant risk of marginalization in refugee populations. According to clinical research, trauma-based interventions are most effective, but physical activity interventions offer an approachable option for supporting the mental health of refugees and asylum seekers. However, the success of any intervention is highly dependable on the clinician’s cultural awareness and their ability to build a trusting relationship with the client. It is necessary to develop efficient screening tools and interventions for the needs of refugees and pay attention to practitioners’ cultural know-how.