Browsing by Author "Luoma, Katri"

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by an early onset of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. Many studies have shown that ADHD is related to later substance use disorders (SUD). Although the association between the disorders has been proven in several studies, the true nature of this association is still unknown. The latest findings of the association between ADHD and SUD and the mediating factors are discussed in this review. Because substance abuse can cause major problems for individuals and the society, risk factors of SUD should be identified at an early stage. The latest findings have shown that almost one of four SUD patients also meet the diagnostic criteria of ADHD. ADHD patients seem to be in an elevated risk for alcohol, nicotine and marijuana dependence and the use of psychoactive substances. Current research suggests that both genetic and psychosocial factors play a role in the development of SUD in ADHD patients. Genetic studies and studies on families have shown that ADHD and SUD might share a common genetic background. ADHD patients with comorbid conduct disorder seem to have the greatest risk for later SUD. Fetal alcohol and tobacco exposure are risk factors for both ADHD and SUD. In addition, some psychosocial environmental factors, such as academic and social problems, might increase the risk for SUD. The high prevalence of ADHD in SUD patients should be taken into account in the prevention of SUD and in the treatment of both disorders. According to the current knowledge, ADHD medication that is started early on and used properly can reduce the risk for later SUD. However, in order to prevent substance use disorders more effectively, it is important to develop and investigate new possible early preventions for ADHD patients. Instead of treating these disorders separately, we should also provide targeted and optimal treatment for patients with ADHD and comorbid SUD. To make targeted treatment possible, ADHD symptoms should be distinguished from the symptoms of SUD.