Browsing by Subject "hippokampus"
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(2022)Objective. Changes in work life pose challenges for employees to recover. Today’s work culture is flexible and limitless in nature. Work-related stress has increased significantly, as work is being done, although labor productivity has clearly increased. This phenomenon increases interest towards stress research and well-being at work. This literature review examines the neural effects of chronic stress and presents recovery theories in response to these challenges. Method. The articles in the review dealt with neural effects of stress and depression, as well as recovery theories. Articles were retrieved from Google Scholar and PubMed databases with keywords recovery from work, chronic stress, work related stress, neural effects from stress. The search criteria were limited to studies published in the 21th century. For recovery theories, original sources were searched. Results and conclusions. The review showed that chronic stress causes changes, especially in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. These changes impair individuals' cognitive abilities. Stress, for example, makes it difficult to regulate emotions and functioning, thus impairing memory activity. Chronic stress and lack of recovery create a cycle in which stress reactions become more intense and the individual’s ability to regulate stress reactions is harmed. While stress is a vital reaction and an important part of effective functioning, continued stress reactions and chronic stress are a threat to well-being. Failure to recover from stress results in an allostatic load that has been shown to be associated with mental health problems and illnesses. Because most of the recovery takes place outside working hours, it is conceivable that everyone is responsible for her own recovery process. On the other hand, the flexibility of work leads to more work becoming part of one’s leisure time. While continued availability is admired, organizations should understand the risks it poses to employee well-being and brain health. Therefore, organizations should focus on the recovery of their employees. Luckily, the development is heading towards an improved work environment.
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(2019)Abstract Background and Objectives. Psychopathy is defined as a personality construction characterized by deviant interpersonal, affective, lifestyle related and antisocial traits, such as manipulativeness, pathological lying, emotional coldness, lack of empathy, remorse and long-term goals, impulsiveness and usually also criminal lifestyle. The prevalence of psychopathy is less than one percent in population, though it is much higher among incarcerated people. Therefore, psychopathy is considered a major social and financial burden to the society. There have been made plenty of research about neurobiological and physiological components of psychopathy. This study aims to specify those neurobiological and physical components that separate psychopaths from other people. Research methods. The data was gathered mainly using Google Scholar website. The aim was to search for peer reviewed articles from years 2004 to 2019 with keywords “psychopath” or ”psychopathy” combined with words such as ”criminality”, ”neurology”, ”neurobiology”, ”neurophysiology” and ”neuroimaging”. Inner references of research articles were also utilized. Results and Conclusions. The current neurobiological models of psychopathy present amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex and these dysfunctional connections as well as paralimbic system and its dysfunction as the typical neurobiological components of psychopathy. Neurobiological anomalies connected to psychopathy include reduced amygdala volume and activation, hippocampal structural asymmetry, reduced frontal lobe activation and abnormal activity in networks connecting limbic areas. These are especially seen with criminal psychopaths. Also, low skin conductance, weak activation in corrugator supercilii muscle and weak or absent startle response are seen to be connected to psychopathy. These findings can be accounting for lack of emotional reactions such as fear and empathy and also emotional coldness. Generalization of results is impaired by homogeneity of samples resulting from concentrating on prisoners and incarcerated population, as well as small sample sizes. Based on the study, it´s possible to understand the essence of psychopathy as a construction, that links neurobiological and physiological anomalies and their synergies.
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