Browsing by Subject "kiintymyskäyttäytyminen"

According to Bowlby’s (1976) attachment theory, the purpose of the attachment system is to maintain proximity between a child and the parent in order to ensure the child’s safety. The child develops internal working models (IWM) of attachment that represent the individual’s view of the self and others: (1) whether or not the self is judged to be worthy of love and care and (2) whether or not the attachment figure is judged to be the sort of person who in general responds to calls for support and protection. These internal working models influence the formation of the attachment category and serve as the basis for later personality development as well as control the style of social interaction and emotion regulation. The negative internal models may manifest themselves in adulthood, for example, as an insecure attachment style or otherwise inappropriate behavior in a relationship. Families where one or both parents consume large amounts of alcohol, are not the ideal environments for a child to develop a secure attachment and positive internal working models. This review examines attachment styles among adult children of alcoholics. The review focuses on general attachment styles as well as romantic attachment styles and behavior in a relationship in general. The sex of both the child and the alcoholic parent are being taken into an account when dealing with these topics. The literature search was conducted using the PubMed database using combinations of the keywords ACA, ACOA, adult child of alcoholic, attachment, attachment style, problem drinking and parent*. Literature was also searched from Google Scholar using these keywords. The selection criterion was that the study had focused on the attachment styles among adult children of alcoholics. The articles which had examined only the attachment between adult children of alcoholics and their parents, were not selected. Nine research articles were selected for the review. Parental alcoholism negatively affected the child’s attachment style. The adult children of alcoholics had more fearful, dismissing, avoidant and anxious/ambivalent attachment styles than the children of non-alcoholics. In addition to insecure attachment styles, the adult children of alcoholics reported more anxiety and greater avoidance in their relationship. Parental alcoholism was also associated with lower satisfaction, higher aggression and higher need of control in a relationship. Parental alcoholism experienced during childhood predisposes to negative effects on acting in relationships later in life. The effects may slightly differ depending on the sex of the person.