Browsing by Subject "kognitiivisen reflektion testi"
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(2020)Aims. The aim of this study was to describe how the tri-process theory of rational thinking outlines the reflective mind and the measures that have been used to study it. Based on the theory, the modes of human information processing can be divided into the type 1 autonomic and implicit processes, and to the type 2 thinking processes that are more cognitively taxing and challenging. Type 2 processes enable logical and critical thinking. The type 2 processes can be further divided into the algorithmic mind and the reflective mind. While the algorithmic mind enables logical reasoning, the reflective mind operates between the autonomic and the algorithmic minds, overseeing the autonomous thoughts and transferring the information processing to the algorithmic mind when necessary, and overriding the autonomic responses when needed. Until now, the reflective mind has been studied through self- report measures related to thinking dispositions and through problem-solving tasks. This review describes and evaluates the measures of need for cognition, actively open-minded thinking and cognitive reflection test, and the findings from previous studies based on them. Methods. The review is based on the tri-process theory of rational thought, and the literature of the need for cognition, actively open-minded thinking and the cognitive reflection test. Conclusions. Based on this study, the reflective mind has been previously studied with a diverse set of measures that reflect its definition. The functioning of the reflective mind revolves around the attitudes related to knowledge, beliefs, motivation, general knowledge, and its activity in situations that require reasoning. The measures mentioned in this study cover most of these elements, but they do not comprise the effect that general knowledge and beliefs about the world have on the reflective mind. In the future, it would be beneficial to utilize also measures that take into account the lacking perceptions people have about the phenomena of the surrounding world.
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(2018)Skillful thinking can be defined and measured by conceptualizing it as reliable thinking processes that lead to rational action. Rational is action by which we reach our goals maximizing the subjective value we feel for achievement. Rational action can be viewed to be based on true beliefs, epistemic rationality. Modern research concerning skillful thinking has taken place in the framework of dual-process theories. The framework is based on findings that humans are susceptible to rationality preventing biases in reasoning. Although the biases are thought universal, some people have been found to able to avoid them. Researchers have categorized thinking to type 1 and type 2 processes, of which type 2 processing represents reliable type. Type 2 processing is linked to intelligence, but also to skillful thinking distinguishable from it. The frameworks laboratory tasks simulating typical decision-making measure both aspects of type 2 processing. By using self-assessment measures, it is also possible to focus on the qualities of skillful thinking alone. As examples of the measurement types this review focuses on the Cognitive Reflection Test and on the Actively Open-minded Thinking scale. It was found in the review that the usability of the Cognitive Reflection Test can be hindered by prior exposure to the test as well as by the publicity it has received. Regarding the Actively Open-minded Thinking scale, the structure of the measure was found to be questionable. The problems require further research. Reviewing the results of the Cognitive Reflection Test also brought up a problem related to the framework more generally. Newest theories of the framework include concepts such as mindware and logical intuitions, which can be used to explain phenomena, but not that well to predict them. The relation between the concepts and skillful thinking requires further clarification in the future.
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