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Browsing by Subject "muisti"

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  • Vanhala, Iiris (2022)
    Cognitive Interview (CI) was designed to help eyewitnesses remember what they witnessed in greater detail. The CI has been widely researched ever since its’ development and nowadays there are even more than just one type of CI. The so far most researched variant is Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI). Then there is also Modified Cognitive Interview (MCI). Both the CI and the ECI include four mnemonics: context reinstatement, report all, change order and change perspective. Additionally, the ECI also includes rapport building, unlike the CI. The aim of this thesis is to examine whether an MCI can be used in a way that preserves the benefits of the CI. The thesis will also assess whether the MCI takes statistically significantly less time to conduct in comparison to the full ECI. Previous studies have suggested that the change order and change perspective mnemonics would be less useful in comparison to the other two mnemonics. The articles used in this thesis were searched from the Helsinki University Library’s Helka-database using the following keywords: “cognitive interview”, ” memory” and “modified” or “cognitive interview”, ” eyewitness” and ”memory” or ”cognitive interview”, ”enhancing” and ”recall” or ”memory” and ”confabulation” or ”age”, ”memory” and ”education”. Some of the sources were also found via the already chosen articles by entering the source into Pubmed- and Psycinfo-databases. It was found that the CI, ECI and MCI all produce more information in comparison to other interviewing methods used to interview witnesses. However, the ECI and the MCI seemed to also produce the most memory confabulations. The view, that both the change perspective and change order mnemonics are the least useful when interviewing eyewitnesses, was supported by the results. The change perspectives mnemonic can also be considered problematic when it comes to legal proceedings, as it can be viewed as hearsay evidence. The MCI was found to take statistically significantly less time to conduct when compared to the full ECI, when both the change order and change perspective mnemonics were omitted. This is an important finding since a shorter interview would save resources. However, the shortened MCI should be used with caution since it does inflict more memory confabulations in comparison to other methods. Therefore, the MCI should only be used when limited resources rule out the use of the full ECI.
  • Mynttinen, Nella (2022)
    Hypnosis has a colorful history and different beliefs are still very much alive. Hypnosis can be broadly defined as top-down regulation where suggestions can influence on individual’s cognitive functions. Effects can be seen in ideomotor, -sensory and cognitive functions as well as ideomotor challenges. How hypnosis produces these effects can be considered through two theoretical frameworks. The altered state theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis produces a special state of consciousness that is optimal for automatic influences of the suggestions. Sociocognitive theories emphasize that changes produced by hypnosis are due to mental imagination and situational factors. By combining these integrative model aims to create an interaction network that brings together social, cognitive and neural factors. In highly hypnotizable individuals changes in perceptual experience can be created without induction of hypnosis. The primary role of suggestions has arisen from experiments of Stroop effect and production of visual hallucinations. Pure hypnosis without suggestions does not seem to influence on different cognitive functions. The role of suggestions is complicated by results where hypnosis has been necessary for the effects of the suggestions to arise. The neural bases of the hypnotic suggestions seem to be the changes in activation on those brain areas and connections that are involved in executing cognitive functions in everyday situations. In systematic analysis only activation in lingual gyrus was associated with hypnosis. Studying hypnotic suggestions and related brain mechanisms opens an opportunity to understand cognitive functions as well as to examine the scientific nature of hypnosis.