Browsing by Subject "syöpä"
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(2020)Pain is a common symptom among cancer patients, and its occurrence may result from cancer itself, cancer treatment and/or other non-cancer health problems. Cancer pain is usually treated medically. After the development of the biopsychosocial model of pain it was understood that psychological factors affect the pain experience. Nonpharmacologic interventions are generally the basis of pain management, and psychological interventions significantly contributes to the management of cancer pain. This review examines evidence for psychological interventions that can be used to reveal adults’ cancer pain. The literature search was conducted in one database, PubMed, and the search was limited to years 2010-2019. The search was made using two keyword combinations: 1) psycholog* and oncological pain, and 2) psychological intervention and oncological pain. Articles were chosen by reviewing titles and abstracts. In addition, reference lists of the chosen articles were reviewed to identify additional relevant articles. Articles addressing examination or operation related pain were excluded as well as studies that included children or adolescents. Psychological interventions used in cancer pain management can be divided into skill based and education-based interventions. In skill-based interventions the patient learns concrete coping strategies. In addition, they aim at changing the way the patient interprets pain. In education based interventions the patient acquires information about the disease, analgesic medications, and effective communication regarding pain with health care providers. According to meta-analyses psychological interventions were effective in managing cancer pain. They affected both pain severity and inconvenience. Studies focusing only one intervention type showed partially similar results. Mindfulness-based programs were the most promising of the skill-based interventions. The evidence for hypnosis and yoga was weak, so more research is needed before any clear conclusions can be made. All education-based interventions were effective in managing cancer pain. Thus, pain education seems to be beneficial regardless the way it is implemented.
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(2018)As the methods for treating cancer keep advancing, the number of cancer survivors continues to grow. The challenge now, is to preserve the cancer patients' quality of life during cancer treatments and after recovery. It is recognised that the cancer experience can lead to serious long-term mental illness, but it is unsure whether the cancer experience can cause post-traumatic stress disorder. The prevalence estimates of cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder are very heterogeneous: the prevalence estimates range between 0-45%. The broad range of prevalence estimates is caused by differences in research methods and samples between studies. According to a meta-analysis focusing on the prevalence of cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder, the prevalence is 6.4% when clinical interviews are used for measuring the patients' symptoms. The mediating factors for cancer-related post-traumatic stress disorder are age, sex, form and severity of cancer, used cancer treatments and previous life experiences. Physical illness as a traumatic stressor is significantly different from other traumatic stressors, because the stressor is internally induced, and the fear is caused mainly by the uncertainty of the individual future. It is difficult to determine what aspect of the cancer experience causes the traumatic reaction, because the cancer experience consists of numerous potentially traumatic factors and events. Further studies on the topic should be conducted with broad samples with a balanced representation of different cancers, cancer stages and treatment methods. It is also a possibility that post-traumatic stress disorder is not suitable for describing the psychological strain and trauma caused by the cancer experience. However, it is clear that the psychological stress caused by the cancer experience can be clinically significant and can impair the patient's functional capacity and quality of life. Monitoring the mental health of cancer patients, preventing the formation of traumatic reactions during cancer treatment and providing and developing interventions for cancer patients suffering from cancer-related mental illness, is important for the treatment and rehabilitation of cancer patients and survivors.
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