Browsing by Subject "tunteiden säätely"
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(2020)Objective. Executive functions are involved in regulating human behavior and thinking. They are based on three core functions: inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility. Inhibition suppresses automatic and harmful responses, working memory manages information held in mind, and cognitive flexibility is needed when adjusting one’s behaviour to fit the current situation. Many psychiatric ilnesses are associated with deficits in executive functions, and it has been proposed that poor executive functioning might be a transdiagnostic risk factor for mental disorders. Depression is characterized by biased information processing and difficulties with emotion regulation, which in turn are associated with both onset and maintenance of the disease. The aim of this literature rewiev is to examine executive function deficits related to depression, the relationships between these deficits and emotion regulation, and possible brain abnormalities associated with impaired execuive functioning and emotion regulation difficulties found in patients with major depression. Methods. Studies were collected from PsycINFO-, PubMed-, Medline- and Google Scholar- databases. The headwords used were ”major depression” paired with ”executive function”, ”cognitive impairment”, ”inhibition”, ”working memory”, ”updating”, ”cognitive flexibility”, ”set shifting”, and ”emotion regulation”. Neural correlates were searched by adding the term ”neural correlates” to the previous searches. Results and conclusion. Studies presented in this rewiev found that patients with depression had poorer performance in tasks used to measure executive functions compared to healthy controls. Deficits were evident in all of the three core functions, but deficits in inhibition seemed to be greater than deficits in other processes. Performance in tasks requiring emotional processing was also impaired, and poor executive functioning correlated with the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Brain imaging studies found that depressed patients exhibited less activation in brain areas associated with cognitive control. These results support the idea that depression is associated with deficits in executive functions, and these deficits are also involved in emotion regulation difficulties. Most of the studies rewieved were cross-sectional, so conclusions about causal relations cannot be made.
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(2020)Objectives. Adolescence is a sensitive period during which the incidence of depression and anxiety symptoms increases. These disorders have been shown to significantly deteriorate functioning ability and the quality of life. In order to design supporting actions, it is important to investigate the factors affecting these disorders and their connections. The review presents research data concerning the connection between parenting and adolescents’ internalizing symptoms, and the meaning of emotion regulation in this connection. The aim is to examine whether emotion regulation mediates the connection between parenting and adolescents’ internalizing symptoms. Methods. Literary research was conducted in the PsychINFO-database using following key words: adolescent, parenting, emotion, emotion regulation, emotion dysregulation, internalizing, internalizing symptoms, internalizing problems, depression, anxiety. The bibliographies of the articles found in the literary research were perused and the most relevant articles were chosen. Finally, the studies with samples consisting of people too young for this review were excluded. The final number of the articles in the review was 13. The age of the examinees ranged from 10 to 33 years. Results and conclusions. There was coherent evidence showing that emotion regulation, parenting and adolescents’ internalizing symptoms are strongly linked to each other. Negative parenting and emotion regulation difficulties were clearly connected to increased internalizing symptoms. The research data differed in whether emotion regulation mediates the relationship between parenting and adolescents’ internalizing symptoms or whether there exists a different mechanism, such as the moderating effect. In addition, there were differences in the studies depending on whether depression and anxiety symptoms were measured separately or together as internalizing symptoms. According to the results, it seems that emotion regulation strategies and parenting factors relating to depression and anxiety are different. In the future it will be important to investigate different emotion regulation strategies and parenting factors in a more versatile manner, and to conduct more longitudinal studies instead of using the cross-sectional design. Moreover, it would be important to use mediation analysis in order to examine the mediating mechanism. The result concerning the connections between parenting, adolescents’ emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms seem to refer that it would be important to reduce harmful emotion regulation strategies and teach adaptive strategies in the prevention and intervention for anxiety and depression disorders. Additionally, it could be important to concentrate on parents’ emotion regulation and emotion socialization. Further studies on these types of interventions is needed.
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