Browsing by Subject "uni"
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(2023)Tavoitteet: Traumaattisen kokemuksen jälkeen puhkeava traumaperäinen stressihäiriö (PTSD) on mielenterveyden häiriö, johon liittyy voimakkaita ja realistisia painajaisia, joiden aikana henkilö kokee traumatapahtuman uudelleen. Koska painajaiset vaikuttavat haitallisesti elämänlaatuun, on tärkeää löytää tapoja hoitaa niitä. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia, miten kolinergisten ratojen aktivaatio vaikuttaa yleisesti PTSD-oireisiin sekä uneen, ja miten tätä tietoa voisi hyödyntää PTSD:hen liittyvien hoitoresistenttien painajaisten lievittämisessä. Menetelmät: Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa etsittiin tutkimuksia, jotka koskivat kolinergisiä ratoja yhteydessä PTSD:hen ja/tai painajaisiin. Artikkelit haettiin EBSCO- ja Google Scholar -tietokannoista hakusanoilla "post-traumatic stress disorder", "PTSD", "cholinergic pathways", "cholinergic transmission", "cholinergic activation", "anticholinergic", "acetylcholine", "nightmares", "sleep". Yhteenveto ja johtopäätökset: Tämän katsauksen perusteella kolinerginen aktivaatio vaikuttaa olevan tärkeässä roolissa PTSD:n patogeneesissä ja ylläpitämisessä. Asetyylikoliini vaikuttaa juuri niihin aivoalueisiin ja kognitiivisiin toimintoihin, jotka ovat keskeisiä häiriölle, kuten hippokampukseen, amygdalaan, oppimiseen, muistiin ja virittyneisyyteen. Koska neurofarmakologisten prosessien ymmärtäminen on monimutkaista, on kirjallisuudessa ristiriitaisia tuloksia, eikä kolinergisten aineiden vaikutusmekanismista ole selkeää konsensusta. Tästä huolimatta ovat löydökset johtaneet uusien hoitomuotojen kehittämiseen, kuten antikolinergisen lääkkeen bentsheksolin käyttöön painajaisten lievittämisessä. Tämä tutkimusalue on edelleen uusi, ja lisätutkimuksia tarvitaan, jotta saataisiin tarkempia vastauksia taustalla olevista neurofarmakologisista ja -kognitiivisista toiminnoista sekä lääkkeen vaikutuksista ja turvallisuudesta.
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(2020)Sleep has been shown to be important for human health due to its renewing and restoring effects. Sleep can be thought to be particularly important to competitive athletes because their main target is to reach body’s optimal performance. Out of single methods sleep has been suggested to be the best way to help the athletes’ recovery despite that many athletes feel that they do not have the means to improve their sleep quality. The purpose of this review is to introduce sleep quality and quantity of competitive athletes, the effects of sleep to physical and cognitive performance, recovery and the immune system. The review also gathers together factors that affect athletes’ sleep either in negative or positive ways and reflects how these factors should be considered when planning the everyday life of an athlete so that the effects of sleep to the training would be as optimal as possible. The method of this review was an integrative literature review. The articles chosen for the review answered to the research questions considering quality and quantity of the sleep of competitive athletes, sleep’s effects to performance and interventions improving the sleep of competitive athletes. Sufficient and good quality sleep is important to athlete’s performance. Some athletes don’t sleep enough according to recommendations, but it is still unclear if the amount of sleep is different between athletes and the general population. For athletes a common issue was low sleep quality. Multiple, but not all, research found sleep to be beneficial to physical performance. Sleep deficit negatively affected to cognitive performance of athletes such as memory, attention and reaction times. It also deteriorated more skill-specific actions such as throwing and serving accuracy and made athletes experience movements more difficult than normally. Sleep deficit lowered athletes’ overall mood and increased the prevalence of injuries, musculoskeletal pain and infections. Early morning or late evening practices and high training load influenced athletes’ sleep negatively and should therefore be considered in the everyday life. In turn sleep counselling, naps, melatonin use and mindfulness positively affected athletes’ sleep.
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(2018)Insomnia and milder sleep problems are common complaints that affect about one third of the adult population. Because of the side-effects of hypnotics there is a growing need for new non-pharmacological treatments for insomnia. In earlier studies mindfulness-based treatments have proven to be effective for example in the treatment of depression and stress symptoms. It has also been demonstrated in multiple studies that mindfulness has many favorable effects on general wellbeing, such as increasing positive affect. The effects of mindfulness on insomnia and sleep have been the focus of large-scale research just for the past few decades. The objective of this thesis was to review the most recent research findings on the effects of mindfulness-based treatments on insomnia and sleep in different contexts, and to evaluate the reliability of these findings and the studies’ limitations. In addition, initial findings on the mechanisms through which mindfulness is thought to improve sleep are reviewed. Latest meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials and background information were searched form Pubmed and Google Scholar -databases. Three most recent systematic reviews or meta-analyses and six randomised controlled trials published after them were included in the review of the effects of mindfulness on insomnia and sleep. Seven studies were included in the review of the mechanisms between mindfulness and sleep. Research findings accumulated so far indicate quite strongly that mindfulness-based treatments might be an effective approach in treating insomnia and in improving sleep in general. Mindfulness-based therapies might even pose a potential alternative to traditional insomnia treatments. Especially the positive effect of mindfulness on sleep quality was demonstrated in many studies. However, the observed effect sizes varied between different studies. Research findings concerning the mechanisms between mindfulness and sleep suggest that more adaptive cognitive processes seem to play a central role.
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(2020)Objectives. Over the last few decades, the usage of various digital devices has increased significantly. As people spend time on digital media especially in the evenings before bedtime, there has been a growing interest in researching the potential effects of digital media usage on sleep. The association between digital media usage and negative sleep outcomes can be explained by three different mechanisms: circadian effects of exposure to light from screens, stimulation from media content, and displacement of time spent sleeping by time spent using devices. The objective of this thesis was to review recent randomized controlled experiments regarding the effects of pre-sleep digital media usage on sleep and compare their study designs and results. Methods. Experimental studies were searched on PubMed and Ovid Mediline databases using the terms digital media, electronic media, screen light, blue light and sleep. Seven randomized controlled experiments published within the last five years were selected. All the studies had controlled the use of digital media and used both subjective and objective sleep measures. Results and conclusions. Most of the studies indicated that the pre-sleep usage of digital media has a negative effect on sleep. There were associations between the usage of digital media and sleep architecture, sleep onset latency, suppression of melatonin secretion and subjective sleepiness. In addition, each of the three mechanisms were supported by the studies. However, there were notable differences in the study designs between the studies, which made it difficult to assess the significance of the individual factors. There is a need for laboratory experiments with larger sample sizes as well as real-life studies to increase ecological validity. This would help specify recommendations regarding the use of digital media in order to improve human health and wellbeing.
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