Browsing by Subject "EEG"
Now showing items 1-6 of 6
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(2021)Abstract: The EEG measurement protocol is standardized and in use globally. The skull is measured to ensure that the electrodes are placed in the correct position. Measurements are necessary because skull sizes and shapes are different. Studies for placing electroencephalograph (EEG) electrodes on a human head are typically introduced theoretically before students are granted the opportunity to practice. Due to the limited availability of EEG equipment and supervisory staff, students encounter shortened practical training sessions and lengthy waiting periods transitioning from theory to practical components. The main aim of this project was to create a learning environment with game technologies to help students study electrode placement during the idle time between theory lessons and practical training. We set out to determine whether students experienced some learning gain and if they had a positive experience with the learning environment. We simultaneously assessed if fuzzy feedback is preferred over exact feedback. Additionally, the aim was to make use of a design-based approach with the information from a User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) the EEG-simulator. Our group developed and tested a digital learning application that provides a 3D model of a human head, on which learners can practice placing EEG electrodes. We followed a user-centric design science approach to ensure our application appeals to our target audience. We used an observational post-test only design with two experimental groups and a control group. We applied a widely accepted user experience questionnaire to ascertain which of our two feedback systems elicited the best user experience. We also qualitatively analyzed diaries the students kept, as they worked with the learning environment, to better understand future development options for further maximizing the environment’s learning benefit. The overall application was well-received, and students opined that the application significantly enhanced their practical session experience. Although the post-test evaluation showed no difference between the two experimental groups, the user experience questionnaire showed that the fuzzy feedback system was preferred over the exact feedback. Furthermore, it was evident that students who had not used the learning environment struggled more to come to terms with the practical session. The personal experience recording by the students revealed several suggested improvements to the learning environment. We conclude that, with further development, this EEG placement learning application could address the idle period between demonstration lessons and practical training. We also venture to state that fuzzy feedback is preferred because of the high-fidelity mimicry of real teacher feedback. The last part of the research was to develop the EEG simulator so that it will increase theory learning with a simulator, that works, and this is ongoing. We have developed the last EEG simulator version with AR (augmented reality) mobile version that can be used with any smart devices. The future work is to test EEG application and does application influence student's theory learning process.
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(2022)Poor quality of sleep and the following health problems affecting daily life are in many cases caused by cognitive and physiological arousal resulted from a stressful event. Such stress detrimental to sleep may originate from psychosocial factors such as feelings of shame and social rejection. Our goal was to elucidate the impact of acute psychosocial stress occurring before bedtime on sleep macrostructure and the early night non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS). In addition, virtual reality solutions are emerging as options to simulate social threats in laboratory environments. We studied whether a virtual reality variation of a public speaking scenario was sufficient in producing a physiological stress response evident in heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. We compared two experimental groups of healthy young adults (n=34), which differed in the scenario completed within the virtual reality. The stress condition involved a public speaking simulation in front of an attentive virtual audience whereas the control condition involved listening to a neutral presentation in the same but empty virtual seminar room. The participants’ physiological responses were measured with a HRV monitor for 38 hours and the quality of sleep during the laboratory night following stress induction with electroencephalography (EEG). The examined early sleep period was divided into two separate cycles of NREMS, whose results were juxtaposed. For analysing frequency band activity during sleep, we processed the data from EEG with Fourier transformation to yield power spectral density values i.e. frequency activity values. Comparing the two conditions, we observed a distinct effect of stress both during the virtual public speaking scenario and in the subsequent early sleep in the participants from the stress group. We found a significant increase in heart rate and rising fluctuations in the LF/HF (HRV power spectrum high frequency/low frequency) ratio around the stress task period contrasting the results of the control condition, reflecting increased sympathetic tone in the stress group. In the following night, the percentage of stage N3 sleep significantly increased at the cost of N2 sleep during the first NREMS cycle in the stress condition, but this effect resolved in the second NREMS cycle where group differences were absent. As a key finding, the stress group exhibited higher beta frequency activity in proportion to delta activity throughout both cycles and sleep stages. This effect was significantly magnified in N3 sleep where the delta/beta activity ratio decreased in the stress group from cycle 1 to 2, indicating worsening quality of sleep as the night progressed. We reflected our results through a homeostatic point of view, where the increased high frequency beta activity at sleep onset and early sleep in the stress group might explain their increased N3 sleep duration in the first NREMS cycle. A stronger affinity for the important N3 sleep may be a sleep protective mechanism to counter the stress induced abnormally high frequency EEG activity at sleep onset and early sleep to ensure the restorative benefits of slow-wave activity.
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(2013)Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa on tarkasteltu aivosähkö- ja aivomagneettikäyrien amplitudien vaihteluiden vastaavuussuhteita koehenkilön suoriutumiseen audiovisuaalisten ärsykkeiden tarkkaavaisuustehtävissä. Aikaisemmista tutkimuksista tiedetään, että koehenkilön osumatarkkuus ei pysy vakiona koko tehtävän ajan, vaan on monesti jaksottunut valppauden ja herpaantumisen jaksoihin. Lisäksi osumatarkkuus koko kokeen ajalta on alhaisempi kuin lyhyen kalibraatiojakson ajalta mitattuna. Tämän intuitiiviseltä tuntuvan keskittymiskyvyn järkkymisen taustalla on esitetty olevan henkilön introspektiiviset ja mielenvaelteluun liittyvät kognitiiviset toiminnot. Ennen tätä tutkimusta on jäänyt kuitenkin osoittamatta osumatarkkuuden ailahtelun yhteys aivokuoren hermostollisen aktiivisuuden pitkällä ajalla autokorreloiviin muutoksiin lähdemallintamisella. Tämän pro gradun tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että näiden kahden lajin välillä on olemassa merkittävä korrelaatioyhteys. Lisäksi lepovaiheen aivotoiminnasta modaliteettispesifeillä tarkkaavaisuus- ja oletustilan verkoston alueilla voidaan ennustaa psykofyysisen suoriutumisen vaihteluja jatkuvan audiovisuaalisen ärsykekynnyksen tarkkaavaisuustehtävän aikana. Keskittymiskyvyn vaihtelun muutoksia hermostollisella tasolla ja näitä mahdollisesti ilmentäviä käyttäytymisen ailahteluja psykofyysisinä parametreinä, kuten osumatarkkuutena ja reaktionopeutena, voidaan luonnehtia skaalauslakianalyysilla. Ilmiön skaalaton käyttäytyminen heijastelee monimutkaisen järjestelmän taipumusta luoda sisäisiä vastaavuussuhteita eli autokorrelaatioita, jotka heikkenevät hitaammin ja ulottuvat kauemmaksi ajassa ja/tai paikassa kuin mitä alla piilevistä mekanismeista voidaan suoraan ennustaa. On havaittu, että osumatarkkuuden jaksottuminen ja spontaani aivotoiminta noudattavat potenssilain skaalauskäyttäytymistä ajan suhteen. Psykofyysisen ja hermostollisen skaalauslain mukaisen käyttäytymisen kvantifioimiseksi tässä opinnäytetyössä on käytetty vaihtelun ikkunallista autokorrelaatioanalyysiä, DFA:ta. DFA paljastaa ilmiön sisällä olevien peräkkäisten tapahtumien autokorrelaatioiden kestävyyden tarkasteluvälin kasvaessa. Skaalausluvut eli DFA-eksponentit on johdettu tässä kokeessa jatkuvan audiovisuaalisen ärsykekynnyksen tarkkaavaisuustehtävän ja levon aikana rekisteröidyistä aivosähkö- ja aivomagneettikäyräsignaalien verhokäyrästä sekä psykofyysisen osuma/huti -binäärisekvenssistä rakennetusta keinotekoisesta satunnaiskulun kaltaisesta käyrästä. Jatkuvat ärsykekynnystehtävät soveltuvat hyvin tarkkaavaisuuden top-down mekanismien tutkimiseen, koska heikoista, vain juuri ja juuri havaintokyvyn säteellä olevista ärsykkeistä seuraa verraten heikko bottom-up hermostovaste. Näin keskittymiskykyyn vaikuttavat top-down säätelymekanismit kuten motivaatio, päämäärät tai mielenvaeltelu eli spontaanilta vaikuttava aivotoiminta edustuu selkeämmin aivosähkö- ja -magneettikäyrissä. Aivokuoren kokonaisvaltaisen skaalautumisen lisäksi ollaan kiinnostuneita psykofyysisten ja hermostollisten vastaavuussuhteiden jakaumamallista tietyille aivoalueille. Mitattujen hermostollisten signaalien paikantaminen tarkalleen tietyille aivokuoren alueille aiheuttaa käänteisen ongelman, joka on ratkaistu tässä MNE -lähdemallintamisella. Lähdemallintamisen algoritmit tuottavat todennäköisimmän mallin aivokuoren alueista, joiden aktiivisuudella voidaan selittää mitatut MEEG signaalit. Mallintaminen on työn kriittinen vaihe, koska sillä yhdistetään neuroanatominen tieto fysiologisen ja psykofyysisen tiedon kanssa. Yksilötason data on käsitelty lopuksi ryhmätasolla tilastollisin menetelmin korrelaatiotulosten merkittävyyksien arvioimiseksi.
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Learning response inhibition is not associated with gradual changes in EEG oscillation power in rats (2022)Goal-directed behavior is reliant on the ability to choose correct actions to perform given the context of the situation while minimizing the interfering effect of goal-irrelevant stimuli. The ability to suppress inappropriate responses is called response inhibition. It can be seen as a higher order cognitive function which is one of the cornerstones for adaptive behavior in ever changing environment. Neural oscillations have been previously used to study at the neuronal processes underlying cognitive processes such as response inhibition. Neural oscillations are rhythmic fluctuation in the excitability of a neuron or a group of neurons. These temporal windows of excitability are thought to underlie efficient communication by changing the efficacy of the synaptic transmissions between neurons/group of neurons. Although, a lot has been uncovered about the different oscillations and their possible role in response inhibition, very little is known how the spectral content (power of a frequency) adapts across as the animal is learning to suppress their responses to new novel stimuli. This kind of learning associated spectral content adaptations has been observed previously in humans during motor learning for example. In the current study we aimed to look how spectral content adapts as the animals learn to suppress their responses to novel stimuli. We used head fixed rats on a treadmill that were trained to perform Go/NoGo task. Each rat performed 1-4 learning scenarios during which the “rules” for Go/NoGo task changes in an attentional set-shifting paradigm. We measured EEG from most of the rat’s cortex. EEG was measured from the point where the rat was first introduced to these novel stimuli until the rat had learned the new stimulus-response contingences. This EEG was divided into learning stages and the power spectrum was calculated for each of them. We observed power peaks centered around 1Hz, 2Hz, 4Hz, 8Hz and 11Hz across learning stages. However further analyses comparing average power across learning stages showed that these changes were not statistically significant. Thus, we did not observe gradual changes in power while rats were learning to suppress their responses to novel stimuli.
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(2020)Neural Oscillations at large-scale local and global neural synchrony levels can be detected at the scalp using electroencephalography. This neural activity presents itself in a varied range of frequencies referred to as ‘Brain Waves’. These frequency bands have cognitive significance and have been implicated in several neural functions due to its important role in communicating with functionally-similar but spatially-distinct brain regions. Frontal Asymmetry is the difference in activity between the right and left hemispheres in frontal areas of the brain recorded via EEG and is seen to be a strong indicator of emotional states. Specifically, approach and withdrawal motivation which have been associated with positive and negative emotions respectively. Using a combination of behavioural and physiological methods in measuring preference and responses gives us an accurate representation of the participant responses. In this study, three tests were conducted during a continuous EEG recording. Test 1: The implication of inducing a positive mood before the onset of stimulus line-up and the extent of its effect on emotions and alpha asymmetry is not extensively studied. In this test, we employed the use of an instrumental soundscape for one experimental group before beginning the stimulus presentation to test this effect against a ‘silent’ control group. Test 2: This test aims to compare the participants’ physiological measures (EEG) and behavioural self-reports to audio advertisement stimuli consisting of different categories of music: ‘Brand music’ vs. ‘Campaign’ music or ‘No music’ Controls. Test 3: There is ambiguity in research regarding how frontal alpha asymmetry as measured by EEG and self-report preferences might change with changing the format of the advertisement to: only Audio, Audiovisual and Silent videos. There has been contradictory evidence regarding the impact of music on an individual’s emotions and consequent memory and decision-making. This thesis delves into these questions through the post-study behavioural test and simple binary choice paradigm that measure the above-mentioned in relation with the stimuli presented to participants. Our results did not show a significant difference in frontal asymmetry in the stimulus presentation across the three tests conducted during EEG recording. The behavioural data however indicated significant preference in behavioural self-report ratings for Brand Music- associated stimuli in Test 2 and for Audiovisual advertisement stimuli in Test 3. Results also revealed a significant correlation between ratings given to a stimulus and post-study memorability. The final binary choice paradigm test indicated higher preference to products related to stimulus presentation (‘advertised’ brand) vs similar products not related to the presented stimulus (‘non-advertised’ brand). We anticipate that these results will further help us understand and predict general preferences that can help companies, government policy-makers and the general public be more aware and better equipped to manage their valuable resources of money, time, attention and memory.
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(2022)Epileptic patients experience spontaneous recurrent seizures and interictal epileptiform discharges that lead to brain injuries, triggering neuroinflammation and waste product accumulation. Due to the detrimental effect of waste products on brain homeostasis, their removal from the central nervous system is (CNS) is crucial. Meningeal lymphatic vessels (mLVs) located in dura matter contribute to CNS clearance by the drainage of metabolites, waste products, and immune cells from subarachnoid space into cervical lymph nodes. Therefore, because of its role in brain homeostasis, the study of mLVs in different neurological conditions and diseases, including TLE, has gotten increased attention in the last decade. In this study, we sought to understand mLVs role in neuroinflammation and changes in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep stage during epilepsy. For this purpose, we induced mLVs ablation followed by kainic acid (KA) epilepsy model in mice. Shortly, animals were inoculated with AAV-VEGFR3-1-4 to induce mLVs ablation and subsequently challenged with KA to induce status epilepticus. Simultaneously, a control group of animals were injected with a sham AAV and later injection of KA. Afterward, spontaneous EEG activity was registered continuously, and data analysed to compare durations of REM sleep. Also, immunohistochemistry of brain samples was performed to investigate neuroinflammatory changes between experimental groups. Ex-vivo analyses of Iba1 and GFAP expression in brain tissue did not show statistically significant changes in neuroinflammation between experimental groups. However, we observed a trend towards lower expression of inflammatory markers in mLVs ablated animals. The analysis of REM sleep duration shows a progressive reduction of this sleep stage in both groups during the first recording period with a subsequent stabilization during the second one. Our data also indicate that mLVs ablated animals present prolonged REM sleep duration compared to the control group. Although this data contradicts our initial hypothesis it is consistent with the well-established negative correlation between neuroinflammation and REM sleep duration. Future studies should consider a deeper analysis of the glial cell profile for a better understanding of the effect of mLVs dysfunction on epileptic pathology. Moreover, the impact of mLVs ablation on REM sleep duration should be characterized in healthy animals.
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