Browsing by Subject "flowering phenology"

Climate change poses an ever-increasing threat on biodiversity as the global mean temperature rises causing changes in weather patterns. Species will have to adapt to the circumstances or follow their climatic niches across space to avoid decline and extinction. Many species are already threatened by extinction due to climate change. Understanding how species are reacting to rising temperatures can help us preserve biodiversity. Genetic adaptation is a long process and takes several generations to occur. A more immediate means to cope with variation is adjusting through phenotypic plasticity, which can help species cope with environmental changes in the short-term. Plasticity can help individuals maintain fitness in different environments and with fluctuating environmental conditions. Flowering phenology is a plastic trait which can have a large impact on reproductive success. Flowering is an important part of a plant’s life cycle as it can produce offspring with new combinations of genes. In this thesis I examine how temperature affects the flowering phenology of Hypericum species and how this thermal plasticity affects fitness. Populations of Hypericum perforatum, H. maculatum and H. montanum from different parts of their distribution across Europe were studied in greenhouse experiments. The plants were grown in four different temperature treatments (16/6°C, 20/10°C, 24/14°C, 28/20°C) and the timing of first flowering was monitored. Seed mass and flower count were recorded and used as measures of fitness. In general, the plants flowered later in the colder temperature treatments. The results differed between species: in H. maculatum the leading-edge populations were less plastic while in H. perforatum differences between areas were negligible. More plastic accessions produced more flowers due to earlier flowering. There was no effect on seed mass. The possible effects of plasticity on overall fitness highlight the need for detailed information on plasticity for predicting species response to climate change.