Browsing by Author "Sulonen, Johanna"

Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, sporeforming rod which produces botulinum neurotoxin during its vegetative growth phase. Botulinum toxins are divided into seven different serotypes (A to G) depending on their antigenic properties. They are the most potent toxins known and are responsible for botulism in human and animals. Botulism is a disease that causes flaccid paralysis and is often fatal. A preformed botulinum toxin in food or forage causes food or forage poisoning when ingested. In wound botulism a wound is contaminated by C. botulinum spores and the toxin is produced as the spores germinate and grow in anaerobic conditions in the wound. Infant botulism is a disease of children aged less than 1 year. The spores of C. botulinum are able to germinate in the intestine of an infant and produce toxin. There is also another type of botulism where the bacterium colonizes an adult intestine. In comparison with other species swine is more resistant to botulism. Though the exact reasons are not known it is probably due to several factors such as components of the intestinal normal flora of swine, permeability of the swine intestine mucosa to botulinum toxin and the affinity of toxin to the nervous tissue of swine. Swine intestine may, however carry botulinal spores. As bees are more likely to collect water from contaminated than from clean sources, spores of C. botulinum from swine intestine can potentially contaminate honey. Honey is known to be a risk factor for infant botulism. The aim of the advanced studies was to determine whether fecal samples from finnish swine contain spores of C. botulinum and whether some environmental factors have influence on the incidence of the spores in swine intestine. The studies are associated with a research project conducted in the department of food and environmental hygiene on the contamination routes of C. botulinum in the production environments of honey. A total of 100 fecal samples from 20 piggerys from different parts of Finland were collected. A questionnaire was filled regarding each piggery. A proportion of 10 g of each fecal sample was incubated anaerobically divided in 10 tubes containing 10 ml of TPGY-broth (Tryptone-Peptone-Glucose-Yeast). The aim was to determine the concentration of the spores in the fecal samples using a Most Probable Number-technique (MPN). The method for detection of the toxin genes A, B, E, and F was multiplex-PCR. In this study there were found no fecal samples positive for BoNT genes A, B, E or F. No conclusions on the influence of different environmental factors of the piggery could drawn based on this study.